ECZEMA EPIZOOTICA. 891 
In the latter they are not perceptible, and it is only in open¬ 
ing the animals after death that they are discovered. 
Sometimes a new crop of ulcers is observed to succeed those 
primarily formed.The aphthae are but little dangerous 
in themselves; they scarcely kill more than a few calves at 
the udder .... On opening these animals there are remarked 
aphthae not only in the mouth, but also in the larynx, 
pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines, and sometimes 
in the bronchiae. At times there are also noticed disorgani¬ 
sations in the intestines, and portions of the membrane 
detached and mortified.^^ 
M. Cruzel, in the latest work on bovine maladies {‘ Traite 
Pratique des Maladies de fEspece Bovine^) does not allude 
to the gastro-intestinal aphthae. 
In Russia this complication would appear to be common. 
Jessen, Rawitsch, and several other Russian veterinarians, 
have observed that nearly on every occasion when the rinder¬ 
pest manifests itself in a locality it is preceded for some 
mouths by aphthous fever. Erequently this fever is as be¬ 
nignant as we know it to be; but at other times it assumes a 
deadly character, and leaves the best practitioners undecided 
as to whether it is the aphthous fever or a mild form of the 
rinderpest they have to contend with, such as is seen where 
the latter malady is said to occur spontaneously. According 
to Jessen, in this way the aphthous fever destroyed in nine 
years, in the government of Orenburg alone, 1354 head of 
cattle out of 5,341 affected. And these Russian veterinarians 
had also notified that, in these cases of death, there are com¬ 
plications of the digestive organs, ulceration of the gastro¬ 
intestinal mucous membrane, dvsenterv, and lesions which 
approach those of rinderpest, and increase the uncertainty of 
the observations. 
In this way there would appear to be some relation 
between the two diseases. Both come from the neighbour¬ 
ing or identical regions to us ; aphthous fever, at least, can 
generally be traced to Poland, Moravia, and Silesia, from 
whence it is most frequently carried by droves of pigs. 
Jessen has also remarked that often in inoculating with the 
virus of rinderpest he has produced a benignant eruption 
resembling that of foot-and-mouth disease. And in 1829 the 
rinderpest, which since 1815 had never emerged from beyond 
the steppes, appeared in Bessarabia, Moldavia, and Hungary. 
But in the year 1831 aphthous fever, after slowly traversing 
Germany, appeared in France, where it was believed for the 
moment to be the rinderpest. In 1845 the latter malady 
entered Poland, Gallicia, and Hungary; and in 1846, 
