478 SYNOPSIS OF CONTINENTAL VETERINARY JOURNALS. 
increase gradually in intensity, and on about the fifth day 
become complicated with very intense dyspnoea. Then the 
movements of the flanks are hasty, the nostrils widely 
dilated, and often presenting a yellow discharge ; extremi¬ 
ties are cold, and frequently oedematous; conjunctiva 
acquires a deep yellow colour ; petechise appear on this mem¬ 
brane, and sometimes the cornea loses its transparency; 
when the horse moves he does so with hesitation and unin¬ 
tentionally, and movement of the limbs is accompanied by 
more or less marked crackling of the joints. The internal 
temperature is increased to 40° or 41°; the flanks heave 
more and more, and the animal falls and dies quietly on 
about the seventh day. Lesions .—Rigor mortis soon sets 
in, and the abdomen very early becomes distended with gas; 
peritoneum is hypereemic and contains much serosity. These 
conditions are even more marked in the pleura. Injection, 
thickening, and softening of gastric and intestinal mucous 
lining, and here we observe patches, deprived of epithelium, 
surrounded each by a prominent ring, and occurring through¬ 
out the whole length of the intestinal canal. The glands 
of the canal (Peyer's glands but partially), are increased in 
size, and purulent. The liver the author has only found to 
present that slight congestion which always accompanies 
serious disorder of the system. So he considers the name 
“ liver affection ” unsatisfactory, since the condition of the 
liver is a result and not the cause. The yellow tint of the 
mucous membrane, the disease of the lungs and intestines 
are not produced by the liver. M. Villoresi, from the 
symptoms and lesions observed, of which we have reproduced 
those which are essential, considers this affection as an in¬ 
testinal typhus, and gives it the name “ Typhoid bilious 
fever of European horses in Egypt.” He does not consider 
it contagious. Horses which become affected belong to 
different European breeds. Those which are especially pre¬ 
disposed are French (Percherons and Normans), English, 
and still more, Russian, Hungarian, Italian, and among the 
latter those which are bred in the Maremme. In young 
and robust subjects the disease is more violent, and runs its 
course either to a favorable or unfavorable result more 
rapidly. In aged animals its progress is slower, and the 
effects of treatment are much less certain. Arab horses and 
those born in Egypt are seldom affected, and suffer only 
from a light and benign form of the disease. Hunting dogs 
imported into Egypt are subject to a similar malady, which 
is not true distemper, but a species of typhus similar to that 
of the horses. The etiology is obscure; the author gives the 
