4 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL THERMOMETRY. 
gave an average of 38’2°; and 6, from ten to eighteen years, 
gave 37*9°. 
In another group of 4: 2, from six to eight years, gave an 
average of 38*2°; 2, from fifteen to seventeen years, gave 
37- 8°. 
In January—from the 15th to the 28th—4 horses, on 
which observations were made twice a day, showed an average 
temperature of 38'2°. In May the same observations con¬ 
tinued throughout the month, gave an average of 38°. 
In 6 horses placed on the deck of a steamboat going from 
Iceland to Scotland, and examined from the 31st July to 
the 7th August, Krabbe obtained a mean, temperature of 
38- 2°. 
In two lots of Cows at pasture, this observer found the 
average temperature to be 39°and 38*6°. Several cows kept in 
the stable, and fed on hay and green food, exhibited an 
average of 38'6°. In a calf of five months, and a heifer of 
fifteen months, fed in the open air with hay and green forage, 
he obtained a temperature of 38*8° and 38*9°. 
The advantages to be derived from these physiological 
studies of temperature in the domesticated animals are un¬ 
doubtedly very great, as before thermometry can be profitably 
applied in clinical medicine, we must first determine the 
normal standard of animal heat, note the oscillations which 
the temperature undergoes at different periods without any 
perceptible change being perceived in the general health, 
and ascertain on what these oscillations depend. Otherwise, 
our observations during disease will be less valuable and trust¬ 
worthy as aids in diagnosis or prognosis. 
Since my observations were published in the Veterinarian 
for February, 1868, there have been several interesting 
notices in Continental veterinary periodicals on the tempera¬ 
ture of animals in different diseases, and particularly in 
influenza. One of these notices, by Veterinary Surgeon 
Johne,* of Saxony, is worthy of mention for the summary of 
the results obtained during an outbreak of that malady : 
though Johne’s experience will, in some respects, coincide 
with that of many others who have studied influenza 
thermometrically. 
His conclusions are as follows: 
1. In the cases observed, the variations in temperature have 
not offered a typical course. 
2. A rapid rise of temperature, even to 43*2° (110T° 
Fahr.), could not be considered as an unfavorable omen,—not 
* ‘Bericht iiber d. Veterinserwesen in Sachsen.,’ 1870; f Aunales de Med. 
Veter, de Bruxelles,’ 1872. 
