132 
CATTLE DISEASE IN CHINA. 
no doubt upon the affection of the windpipe and bronchi, in 
others it seems to indicate an effort to confine respiratory 
movements to the chest, while in others again, in advanced 
stages of the disease,, it is simply the noisy shallow respiration 
preceding death. I have never observed redness between 
the toes with scaling of the epithelium. I have only once 
noticed an eruption on the skin; this was in the case of the 
bull already referred to as being the only example of re¬ 
covery; his loins, back and belly were covered with a moist 
crusted eruption, and he lost his hair. Cough is not a pro¬ 
minent symptom ; it was observed, however, in some of the 
cases, and in one was the first indication of disease; it may 
be described as dry and husky. The vulva in cows appears 
open, swollen, and much congested; I have seen it super¬ 
ficially ulcerated and covered here and there with patches of 
viscid puriform secretion. I have examined the bodies of 5 
cows destroyed by the disease while in calf; none of them had 
aborted; 3 were about five months gone, 1 was seven months 
gone, and one had reached the 279th day. The urine passed 
in the advanced stages presented a dark brownish red colour. 
The lesions are confined almost exclusively to mucous 
membranes, and are remarkably extended to all such surfaces 
in the body. They appear as the result of catarrhal inflam¬ 
mation of varying degrees of intensity, which has something 
of a specific character, indicatsd by the leaden or purple dis¬ 
colouration of the congested membrane seen from the very 
commencement, by the frequent blood extravasations into the 
sub-mucous tissue, by the croupous or diphtheritic exudation 
in the windpipe, and by the peculiar affections of the solitary 
intestinal glands. Serous membranes are singularly spared. 
I have had repeated occasion to mention an appearance “ as 
of the first stage of peritonitis/ 5 seen on opening the ab¬ 
dominal cavity, and I have used this guarded expression 
advisedly, for although at the very onset of the disease the 
existence of an apparently active hyperaemia of the peritoneum 
is indicated by the pink discolouration of the serous surface 
of the bowels, still, beyond a deepening or an alteration of 
the tint from pink to shades of blue or purple, I have never 
observed a single indication of advancing inflammatory 
change; in no one instance, even the most severe and pro¬ 
longed example of the disease where the intestinal lesions 
were most extensive, have I detected any diminution of the 
natural gloss of the membrane, fluid in the cavity of the 
peritoneum, or plastic exudation. I have never seen increased 
vascularity of the pleurae nor any exudation in connexion 
with these membranes. 
