CATTLE DISEASE IN CHINA, 133 
I now proceed from general statements to more particular 
descriptions of the lesions. 
The Conjunctiva , which are nearly always much congested 
during life, do not by any means constantly retain this ap¬ 
pearance after death. I have seen blood extravasation in the 
sub-mucous tissue. The mucous lining of the nostrils suffers 
variably, but I have never seen this membrane free from 
morbid change; from the first there is red, purple or leaden 
discolouration, due apparently to the increased vascularity of 
catarrhal inflammation; in the more advanced stages there 
are superficial ulcerations, and the membrane is more or less 
extensively covered with adherent patches of viscid, puriform 
exudation. The mucous membrane of the mouth is ulcerated, 
the ulcers varying in size from a pin^s head to a large melon 
seed; they are scattered over the smooth surface of the gum, 
lip and posterior third of the roof of the mouth, and occur 
also on the rough lining of the cheek; they are of no great 
depth. On the anterior third of the tongue, the fungiform 
papillae appeared in two or three cases raised and of a bright 
vermillion tint; the base of the tongue was frequently found 
covered with a viscid greenish yellow deposit extending for 
a short distance into the oesophagus, possibly exudation 
detached from the interior of the windpipe and partially 
swallowed. 
The lesions of the larynx and trachea have been in every 
case peculiar and characteristic, varying in degree according 
to the individual attacked or the stage of disease reached. 
The mucous lining is discoloured with red, pink, purple and 
leaden tints due to increased vascularity, or to sub-mucous 
blood extravasation. Such tints are generally most intense 
in the neighbourhood of the vocal cords. The mucous 
surface is more or less extensively denuded of epithelium, 
and more or less covered with a viscid puriform secretion. 
In severe cases ulceration extends quite through the sub¬ 
mucous tissue, and fibrinous exudation unites the disinte¬ 
grated tissues into friable blood-stained casts of the interior 
of the tube. I have spoken elsewhere of the exudation as 
croupous or diphtheritic, and cannot now find more ex¬ 
pressive terms for its description. By “ croupous ” I mean 
a tolerably easily detached false membrane of no great thick¬ 
ness, seated on a surface denuded of epithelium; by “ diph¬ 
theritic ” I wish to convey the idea of a more firmly adherent, 
tougher and thicker tissue situated on a more deeply ulcerated 
base. The sub-mucous blood extravasations are frequently 
very extensive, appearing in streaks, dots and patches; the 
peculiar decolourations are greatly due to them. Occa- 
