172 PRACTICAL HINTS ON STABLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA. 
either excessive atmospheric heat, cold, or dampness in the pro¬ 
duction of disease. Nor do I fail to remember that numerous 
valuable animals are sacrificed yearly through inattention to, or 
blind neglect of, this powerful accessory for good or evil in 
stable management, and would therefore show that it is im¬ 
peratively incumbent on all who are in charge of stables 
or lines to pay the strictest attention to this part of their duty, 
and equally so whether the occupants of these lines number 
one or a hundred. 
Stable utensils. —The utensils required for the cleaning of 
stables and lines are : 
I. —Some hand baskets in which to carry away the dung and 
to bring fresh earth. (Barrows for this purpose w T ould be much 
more useful, and would save time and labour.) 
II. —A small iron scraper, for scraping the floors when soiled 
only. 
III. —A kodallie, a pick, or a shovel, with w r hich to dig them 
up entirely w r hen sufficiently dirty to require it, a state of things 
that should never be allowed to occur. 
IY.—A taper, or w'ooden mallet, or a hammer, to level and 
beat dow r n the floor with (such being the custom in troop stables), 
though a flooring of loose earth entirely, if not damp, is, I think, 
far better for horses to stand or lie on, but would prefer a pro¬ 
perly constructed concrete floor to any. 
Y.—Some earthen or iron vessels to hold about a gallon, in 
which to catch the urine as it falls; this may seem superfluous, 
but it saves labour by assisting to keep the floor dry, and horses 
accustomed to their use will wait to stale till the syce brings the 
urine bucket to them. 
YI.—A long broom (or a bamboo with matting at the end), 
wherewith to sweep the walls and ceilings. 
With these implements for use no excuse should be accepted 
for dung, urine, soiled earth, or dirt of any kind being left 
in the stables or lines. 
Perfect cleanliness in all stables, so far as applies to the 
interior of the buildings, will be ensured by strictly carrying out 
the following simple details : 
Bedding. —Every morning (weather permitting) the bedding 
straw should be taken outside of the stables, and there spread 
out to enable it to dry and sweeten ; and it is advisable during the 
rainy season to spread it in the verandahs rather than leave it dirty 
and moist with urine; but to obviate the necessity for this sheds 
should be erected at a short distance from each end of the stables 
in which to air and dry the bedding on wet days. 
Floors. —After the removal of the bedding straw the floors of 
the stable should be thoroughly sw r ept; every w§t spot where 
