SCOTTISH METROPOLITAN VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. 507 
said to develop it I have always found to be only indications of the 
disease itself. In those parts of the world to which glandered horses 
have not been carried it is totally unknown, though we find in these 
countries all the causes enumerated as capable of producing it. Take 
Australia and New Zealand, for example. Glanders has never been 
witnessed there, and yet horses are exposed to all the influences to which 
they are subjected in glander-haunted countries, such as our own; 
indeed, these influences are more pronounced, perhaps, there than here. 
I have made particular inquiries among friends at the Antipodes who 
are in a position to know, and they all assure me that, no matter how 
severely horses are worked, or how much they may be crowded in foul 
stables, or badly fed, this disease never appears, not even as a sequel of 
disorders. 
During the war in Mexico the French army horses were exposed to 
terrible fatigue and privation, very many perishing, and yet glanders 
did not appear. Tet the disease was not unknown in Mexico, for at 
Yera Cruz in 1847 it was seen there for the first time. It appeared 
among mules and horses placed in stables which, a few months before, 
had been occupied by some squadrons of United States cavalry during 
the war between the two countries. As is well known, glanders is a very 
common disease in the United States, and no doubt the Union cavalry 
horses carried the infection with them. The French veterinarians found 
in Mexico all the causes which in Europe are said to develop glanders, 
but no glanders occurred among the horses under their care. 
Crowding on board ship is said to produce glanders, and especially 
when the ventilation is bad or defective. A favourite illustration in 
proof of the spontaneous development of glanders on board ship is that 
afforded by the expedition to Quiberon. The cavalry horses had not 
been long on board the transports before it was necessary to close the 
hatchways during stormy weather, and after they were disembarked the 
disease broke out among them. But it must be remembered in those 
days few stables were free from glanders, and its prevalence among army 
horses was very great. It is therefore more than probable that infected 
horses were put on board these ships, and that the close confinement and 
foul air not only developed it sooner, but accelerated its spread among 
the other horses. 
At one time I was a believer in this ship-board genesis of glanders, 
but on reviewing the facts relating to the outbreaks which came under 
my own immediate observation, I am now satisfied the infection had been 
conveyed on board. 
For many years a very extensive trade in horses has been carried on 
between Australia and India—the Indian remount establishment drawing 
largely upon the resources of the first-named country. The voyage is a 
very long and heavy one, and sometimes—what from storms, bad venti¬ 
lation, and other causes—the mortality is large ; but there being no 
glanders among the horses when embarked no glanders is developed 
during the voyage, nor yet afterwards, unless they come in contact with 
diseased horses. 
The recent campaign in Zululand furnishes us with the same kind of 
evidence. A very large number of horses were sent from this country 
to Natal—perhaps the longest sea voyage ever made by troop horses. 
There being no glanders among the horses of the British army, these 
animal were embarked free from infection. One ship, the “ Borussia,” since 
lost, encountered fearful weather in the Channel and the Bay ot Biscay. 
The ship was badly adapted for the duty, and some of the hatches (those 
not boarded up above the deck), and all the ports had to be closed, while 
