OBSERVATIONS ON THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 707 
out of the centre of the Eastern Continent, to use the words of 
the immortal Haller, “ the disease never appears but as the 
result of the introduction into a country or district of an animal 
from an infected place.” This being granted, it must be allowed 
that it is quite possible to eradicate from the United States the 
deadly virus which has been introduced from the Old World and 
maintained by continuous descent in the bodies of our home 
herds. The disease being produced by infection, and by infection 
only, it results of necessity that if we can limit that infection we 
shall in the same ratio limit the ravages of the plague, and if we 
can render infection impossible, we render impossible the con¬ 
tinued existence of the pestilence in our midst. 
Mortality. —In estimating the mortality from this plague, 
we will meet with the most varied results according to the 
conditions of life and as to whether we take the ratio of deaths 
in infected herds, or in the whole cattle of a district or country. 
Loiset states the losses for the entire bovine population of the 
departement du Nord , France, at 40 per cent, per annum, divided as 
follows: in city dairies 26 per cent., in distillery and sugar 
factory stables 12 per cent., and on farms 2 per cent. Here the 
deaths are in exact ratio with the frequent changes of stock, and 
the exposure of new and susceptible animals to infection. In 
the Nord in nineteen years it had killed 212,800 beasts of a 
total value of 52,000,000 francs (over 10,000,000 dollars). 
Yvart gives the losses in infected herds only, in Avignon, 
Cantal and Lozere at 30, 40, 50, 60, and even 77 per cent, 
(average 35 per cent.). 
Gamgee gives the losses in the City of Edinburgh in 1861-2 
at over 58 per cent., and the money loss at £14,512 (70,000 
dollars). Einlay Dun shows from the English Cattle Insurance 
Company statistics that the losses from this plague from 1863 
to 1866 were 50 to 63 per cent, per annum. The losses for the 
British Isles, computed from agricultural statistics, the re¬ 
cords of insurance companies, &c., were close upon £2,000,000 
(10,000,000 dollars) per annum. 
In Holland, Sauberg reports a yearly loss of 49,661 head, 
while in Wiirtemberg it amounted to 39 per cent. 
Mortality Greater in Warm Climates and Seasons. —Mr. 
Bindley reports that in the hot climate of South Africa it is no 
uncommon thing to find a whole herd of 100 or 200 cattle 
perish without exception, and other colonists have furnished me 
personally with accounts precisely similar. With these agree 
our experiences with the disease in the summer season in New 
York. When we entered on our work in February, 1879, it 
was loudly claimed by a party of obstructionists that the affec¬ 
tion was the simple result of exposure to the changeable 
