108 
TRAINING FRUIT-TREES. 
gaseous compounds. If we take a portion of water, and apply heat 
to it, we see it gradually converted into a vapour, occupying 1680 
times the space it occupied in its fluid state. By a still greater ap¬ 
plication of heat, it can be resolved into its ultimate compounds, 
hydrogen and oxygen ; a fact which is very beautifully shown in the 
operation of a patent lately obtained by a gentleman of the name of 
Rutter; where a small stream, of water and coal tar, is allowed to 
run on any substance in a state of vigorous combustion, and the wa¬ 
ter is converted into hydrogen and oxygen, and in flames, producing 
a very intense degree of heat. This has already been applied to a 
useful purpose in some manufactories, where a strong heat is requi¬ 
site. Why then, since by the addition of caloric, water is converted 
into gas, should not its abstraction be equally efficient in converting 
gas into water. But, then, it may be said, light as well as heat, is 
made manifest, and whence is the light derived ? In answer to this 
question, all I have to say is, that, in this instance, I consider the 
light to be occasioned by the sudden evolution of so large a quantity 
of caloric; for that light does not enter into the composition of gas, 
as an ingredient, if I may so use the word, is evident from the ex¬ 
periments made by Mr. Faraday on the condensation of different 
gases by pressure. He states, that a great deal of heat was given 
out, but does not mention that any light was made manifest, a cir¬ 
cumstance which, had it occurred, could not have escaped his obser¬ 
vation. 
I cannot omit this opportunity of thanking the author of the pa¬ 
per about which I am so unfortunate as to differ, for the melon seeds 
he was kind enough to forward to you in the spring, and by which 
I, and many of my friends, have made a great addition to the varie¬ 
ties of that esteemed fruit. 
ARTICLE VI. 
ON A PECULIAR MODE OF TRAINING FRUIT TREES. 
BY MR. JAMES WALDRON, 
Gardener at Elm-Grove , Roehampton , Surrey. 
The present plan of Training Fruit-Trees upon walls will, I think, 
if practised, far exceed most of the other modes at present in use. 
I think the tree may be kept in a better bearing state, and be always 
filled with young bearing wood, I also think it superior, for beauty, 
to fan training. 
