35 
horses, following excessive work or long-continued rest in the stable, and 
frequently leads to a decided change of form of the hoof. 
“The disease is always accompanied with intense pain. It most often 
affects both front feet, more rarely all four feet, or only one foot. In 
the first case the two front feet are planted far in advance of the body, 
and the hind feet well forward under the belly. When all four are 
affected, traveling is exceedingly difficult, often impossible; in this case 
there is nearly always a high fever over the entire body. 
“The seat of the disease is in the fleshy leaves about the toe, more 
rarely upon the sides, walls and quarters. Depending upon the intensity 
of the inflammation, the fleshy leaves are more or less loosened from the 
horny leaves, as a result of which there is a change of position of the os 
pedis, with a simultaneous sinking of the coronet at the toe. This pro¬ 
duces a change of form of the hoof. The quarters become higher. Rings 
form upon the wall, and their course is quite characteristic of the disease. 
At the toe these rings are quite -close to one another, but as they pass 
back towards the quarters they gradually separate from one another and 
recede from the coronary band . . . 
“A horse in such a condition -can be used, but the gait will be short and 
stiff. The hoofs -are shuffled forward and set heels first to the ground, 
a manner of traveling that rapidly wears away the branches of the shoe. 
“In dressing a foundered hoof the outer circumference of the sole is 
the guide. The thick projecting wall at the toe may be removed with the 
rasp without injuring the foot. The sole should be spared, but the 
quarters should be lowered to improve the setting of the foot to the 
ground. 
“The choice of the shoe will depend upon the shape and nature of the 
sole. If this is still concave, an ordinary shoe may be used. If, however, 
the sole is flat or dropped, it must be protected by an open shoe with a 
broad web, or with a bar-shoe . . . which is of especial value when 
the bearing edge of the wall is weak or broken away. 
“As long as there is pain or pressure about the toe there should be 
no toe-clip, but two side-clips. The wall between these clips should be 
lowered a tenth to an eighth of an inch to prevent pressure of the shoe 
upon the sensitive tissues of the toe . . . The nails should be as 
small as possible and placed well back towards the quarters. No nail 
should be driven in the wall at the toe when there is separation of sole 
and wall at the toe (hollow wall, seedy-toe). 
“The shoes of horses affected with founder often work forward as a 
result of the animals traveling upon their heels. To prevent this evil, 
clips may be raised at the ends of the branches of an open shoe, or one 
clip in the middle of the bar, in case a bar-shoe is used . . .” Lung- 
witz and Adams. 73 
False Copulation 
“False copulation or entrance of the penis into the anus instead of the 
vulva, is possible in almost any of our domestic animals ... It is 
by no means rare and is highly dangerous. Its causes are various but it 
is probably largely due to some resistance on the part of the mare as a 
result of not being properly in estrum or otherwise becoming excited and 
attempting to kick or move about. 
“Coition is safe only when estrum is present in the proper degree. The 
mare has ample power to close the vulva against the ready entrance of 
the penis and thus cause it to glide upward and forwards against and into 
the anus, whi-ch opening may be more readily forced. 
“The accident is also invited in aged . . . mares with pendulous 
abdomen in which the anus is retracted and, drawing the superior com¬ 
missure of the vulva with it, causes the vulvar opening to approach the 
