MANAGEMENT OF THE BROOD MARE 45 
superior to the natural product on account of the sire not being over¬ 
taxed. 
“Eighth That the results obtained justify the stallioner reducing the 
service fee if necessary, making it no excuse for any man to breed to a 
scrub and putting the latter out of existence through competition alone. 
“Ninth—That certain shy breeders may be bred successfully at the 
termination of the oestral period and in the hands of several experienced 
men impregnations have been accomplished by breeding at any period 
without regard to oestrum. 
“Tenth—That with proper care semen may be transported distances 
and impregnations successfully made. 
“Eleventh—That cheap females may be utilized as in the case of the 
the burro which when crossed with a horse of proper type results in a 
hinny that finds a ready market at a remunerative figure.” 
According to Johnstone 5 who originated the capsule means of artificial 
insemination the two methods are equally good, although infection is 
possible in the case of the syringe method when used with some diseased 
mares. Strict cleanliness and sterilization should therefore be adhered 
to when the syringe is used in order to safeguard clean mares. Besides 
cleanliness, Riley 83 gives cheapness as another advantage in favor of 
the capsule method. 
Carlson 6 calls for a set of tools in carrying artificial insemination by 
the capsule method, as follows: These are a pan for holding warm water, 
a device for heating the water, thermometer, quart bowl, soap of good 
quality, towels, creoline or other disinfectants, powdered slipper-elm 
bark and semen extractor. It is desired that the pan be made of a non¬ 
corroding and rust proof metal such as zinc or galvanized iron. It should 
be of a size sufficient for the extractor with its extended piston to lie 
lengthwise in it, so accordingly it may be made 6 inches wide and 36 
inches long. An oil stove may be used to heat the water, and for gaug¬ 
ing the temperature a dairy thermometer, which has the advantage of 
floating is recommended. Riley 83 recommends for heating the water a 
container made of galvanized iron, 30 inches long, 5 inches wide and 6 
inches deep. 
For insemination by the capsule method, Johnstone 5 has no need for 
tools other than the capsules. Carrol and Frederick 85 mention the same 
tools in connection with the capsule method as indicated by Carlson. 6 
Cleanliness and sterilization of instruments should be closely followed, 
but the use of disinfectants, or other agents in this connection should be 
judiciously and carefully adhered to because, according to Riley, 83 such 
agents as direct sunlight, temperature (above 100° or below), soap, 
vaseline, grease, oil, chemicals, urine, water, cold instruments, cold air, 
and rubber are injurious to spermatozoa. In an experiment conducted 
by Lewis 86 the rubber bag and pig’s bladder proved most harmful to the 
spermatozoa. Lewis also found that the sperm cells are very sensitive 
to high temperatures and that low temperatures have less effect on their 
vitality than any other conditions tested. 
Before proceeding to the execution of breeding operations the mares 
should first be examined (Carlson). 6 Carlson 6 points out that if the mare 
is already fifteen years or more old and has no foal on foot, she may be 
rejected for service. The discharge from the vulva is to be looked for 
next. The sticking together of the hairs of the vulva would be a sign 
of leucorrhea and mares so affected should not be bred. Mares that show 
reddened mucous membrane as shown by the eyes, which normally is 
pale pink, should likewise be refused for breeding. And too, it is 
brought out that mares discharging liquid on the notsrils will not breed. 
Mares which have been picked for the service are next lined together 
at a reasonable distance apart, but not unduly far from each other 
(Carlson). 6 The condition of the cervix is next looked into, and should 
