106 
PURE BRED DRAFT HORSES 
have a direct connection with such factors. On the other hand the re¬ 
sistance is increased by work, acclimation to the changeable outside influ¬ 
ences and hardening. Other accessory conditions, such as temperament, 
teething, etc., have no influence on the susceptibility. 
“ Prevention . This consists in keeping healthy horses, and especially 
colts, from affected animals, as well as from stables and stands occupied 
by the latter. In this way it is frequently possible to protect animals 
from infection through their early years and if they should later con¬ 
tract the disease it will run a milder course. The colts born upon certain 
premises should be kept as much as possible separate from strange colts. 
If the disease appears in spite of it, it may be checked by transporting 
the healthy animals as early as possible to localities free of the disease; 
in such instances the animals should be guarded especially against cold; 
which would reduce their resistance. After the extinction of the disease 
thorough disinfection of the stables and the stable utensils is very desir¬ 
able as otherwise it reappears annually in the infected establishments. 
Repeated disinfections will prevent the reappearance of the disease still 
more efficiently.” Hutyra and Marek. 72 
Parasites 
Dr. H. D. Bergman* mentions “various bots infesting both the stomach 
and intestines, common round worms and tape worms in the small in¬ 
testine, and the pin worms and the so-called palisade or red worms in¬ 
festing the large intestines.” Ringworms are also met with. 
Among the skin parasites gnats, various flies, lice, mange, mites, ticks, 
etc., are given. 
Cryptorchidy 
“Cryptorchidy also constitutes a uniform cause of sterility when both 
testicles are retained within the abdominal cavity. We speak of abdom¬ 
inal and inguinal cryptorchidy but, ordinarily, only the former may exist 
as a permanent condition, while the latter is a transitory state, in which 
the gland is descending from the abdomen into the scrotum, which it 
will eventually reach. It is only very rarely that inflammatory adhesions 
or other conditions may permanently arrest a testicle in the inguinal 
region during its descent. 
“Typically, cryptorchidy, is an arrest in the development of the testicle, 
the organ being small, flaccid and soft. Histologically it partakes of the 
character of the fetal testicle and spermatozoa are formed by it. If such 
a testicle descends and passes from the abdomen through the internal 
inguinal ring, it tends to at once develop normally and become fertile. 
However, it is essential that the gland itself shall descend. In some 
cases, the epididymis descends into the scrotum, while the gland remains 
in the abdomen, the testicle retaining its typical cryptorchid character 
and remaining sterile. While the typical abdominal cryptorchid testicle 
is regularly sterile, it nevertheless induces a sexual reflex, causing the 
development of the ordinary male attributes, such as the characteristic 
head, neck . . . and voice and usually a sexual desire of an intense 
and more or less perverted character, in which vice assumes a prominent 
role. If only one testicle is retained in the abdomen, the other being 
normally located and developed or even having undergone compensatorial 
hypertrophy, the animal may be fertile, that is, the normally developed 
gland is capable of performing its function regardless of the presence of 
the sterile gland within the abdomen. The perverted sexual desire, akin 
to nymphomania of the female, persists so long as one testicle is in the 
abdomen, even though one has descended into the scrotum, and functions. 
The defect is of further interest to the breeder because of its pernicious 
hereditary transmission from parent to offspring. The condition is be¬ 
yond practical remedy. While it is surgically possible to procure the 
