MANAGEMENT OF THE MARE 
163 
season lasts throughout the entire year. At the Maple Lawn Farm the 
mares are bred any time of the year, but in the case of outside mares the 
breeding season lasts from April to July, and so as at Holbert Farms in 
which their own mares are bred the year round, but only from May 1 to 
August 1 with outside mares. Likewise in Cornell University the mares 
are bred any time they come in heat, but Haines says, “Try to prevent as 
much foaling when there is most work as possible.” 
4. Artificial Insemination 
Nineteen farms report that artificial insemination is not carried on or 
practiced. Those farms are: the Wisconsin University, Chestnut Farms, 
Thos. Kiddoo Farm, Selma Farm, Maple Lawn Farm, Oaklawn Farm, Cor¬ 
nell University, University of Missouri, White Oak Stock Farm, Pentoila 
Stock Farm, Raboin Pioneer Homestead Farm, Arngibbon Farm, Hayfield 
Farm, Longview Stock Farm, Maplegrove Farm, Waddington Farm, 
Thompsondale Farm, Truman’s Pioneer Stud Farm, and the University of 
Minnesota. Hooper states that in many studs in Central Kentucky this 
method of breeding is practiced, both capsules and syringe being used. 
According to McMillan, some work on this line has been performed in his 
farm, but unfortunately no satisfactory results were attained. The im- 
pregnator was the means of insemination employed. Butler reports that 
the impregnator and capsule are used at the Woodside Farm in carrying 
out artificial insemination, but this is resorted to only in cases of infec¬ 
tion, while at the Iowa State College the impregnator is used only to 
treat doubtful mares. At the Santa Anita Rancho, artificial insemination 
is practiced occasionally, using both the capsule and impregnator or 
syringe, and, likewise, at the University of Illinois now and then this 
method of reproduction is adopted, but in this stud only the capsules are 
employed. At the Gossard Breeding Estates very little of this work is 
done, as there is no necessity for it, and, too, at the Ritchie Stock Farm, 
very few mares, from three to five, have been artificially bred by means 
of the capsule so far. At the Hawthorn Farm once this method of breed¬ 
ing was undertaken for the sake of experiment, using the Kansas City 
apparatus. Cooley states that at Purdue University artificial insemina¬ 
tion is employed, but not to any extent, and Holbert states that while it 
is practiced at the Holbert Farms, yet it is not often necessary. Four 
stud farms seem to practice artificial insemination as a regular procedure, 
as follows: The Lefebure Sons’ Co., in which, it is claimed, from one to 
eight mares are served at each operation. The capsule method is consid¬ 
ered better than the impregnator. In the Oakdale Farm, where the Kan¬ 
sas City impregnator is employed, as high as ten mares are subjected to 
insemination each time. At the Michigan Agricultural College, in which 
the Carbon semen extractor and capsules find us, no more than two mares 
are treatd at each service. And at the J. H. Serven and Son the impreg¬ 
nator is employed, treating from two to six mares at a time. 
5. Breeding Age 
Evidently there are those which believe in starting the fillies for breed¬ 
ing purposes at the age of two years, those that would not breed them 
until they are three years of age, and the third class of breeders that takes 
option of breeding them either at the age of two or three years. Only one 
farm, the Oaklawn Farm, reports breeding their mares for the first time 
at fourteen months of age, the lowest figure shown among those report¬ 
ing. Followers of breeding the two-year-olds may be mentioned the follow¬ 
ing: the Raboin Pioneer Homestead Farm, Iowa State College, Chestnut 
Farms (if mare is large enough), Lakewood Farm, G. Andrews and Son, 
Hayfield Farm, White Oak Stock Farm, Irvinedale Farm, and Cornell Uni- 
