INTRODUCTION 
1 
EARL IER INVESTIGATIONS III THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS-3 
LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY---5 
CLIMaTE OP THE REGION-7 
THE CLIMAX FORMATIONS-11 
I. THE HEMLOCK CLIMAX-12 
A. Aspect of the forest - -- -- -- -- -- -12 
B. Composition and dynamics of the forest - - - 16 
1. Consideration of individual species - - 17 
2. Quadrat studies ------------22 
3. Initial physical factors and 
competition ------------25 
4* Equilibrium at any point --------28 
C« Successions leading to the hemlock climax - - 29 
1. Primary successions ----------29 
a. Physiographic influences ----- 29 
b* The shore successions -------31 
Types of shore - - '- - v- ----- 34 
2* Secondary successions in the Hemlock 
climax - ----------- 
36 
