out the findings of Cooper (Z>) on Isle Royal 0 , where he showed 
that the birth-rate of this species Is balanced by a high rate 
of mortality when in competition with certain other species. 
> 
Other tree species occasionally found in the hemlook 
climax are 2i eea canadensis (Mill.) BSP (white spruce), Quorcus 
rubra L. (red oak) , Fraxinua amerlcana L. (white ash) , and 
0atrya virgin 1 ana (Mill.) K. Jfoch (hop hornbeam). 
B. QUADRAT STUD IBS. 
% 
This method was found useful in connection with the 
study of forest regeneration, and the distribution of the 
principal species. 7/hare it became necessary to determine the 
average ages of the trees, this v?us done by means of tables 
prepared by Frothinghan (IS). The trees were too large to maxe 
felling practicable for this work. Besides the quadrat studies 
every other means that suggested itself was used for gaining 
a knowledge of the dynamics of the forest. The quadrats were 
10 ns. square. 
QUADRAT 1 (fig. II). - This quadrat shows 
the distribution of trees in the typical hemlock climax shown 
in fig. 6. It represents a condition of mature growth. Most 
of the trees here stand at w average distance of from £ to 3 
m. It is noticeable, hovievur, that practically half of this 
quadrat is occupied by a giant hemlock 300 years old, -whose 
