-30- 
more and more of the north slope of the first range has 
been uncovered, This has probably been counterbalanoed 
by erosion, and by the sinking of the ooast in this region, 
which is believed to be taking place (l). 
The rock shore is the predominant type. Where it is 
gravelly or sandy, a little investigation shows that the 
rook is not far underneath. The exposed rock is largely 
red sandstone, dipping everywhere at an angle, as shown 
in fig. 14. In places conglomerate is exposed and loose 
boulders along the shore are frequent. The ?/idth of the 
rock beach varies from 15 to 45 m. Sandy or gravelly 
beaches in more or less protected places may be narrower 
than this, so that the forest comes comparatively close to 
the water, as shown in fig. 15, which shows a narrow gravel 
beach. 
There is such a variation in the slope and character 
of the rocky shore that it is difficult to divide it into 
any definite zones in accordance with the ecological faotors 
influencing plant life. Its lower portion, being always 
subject to wave action, during both summer and winter, is 
devoid of plant life, exoept in sheltered corners of the 
rooks, which escape the direct pounding of the water. The 
lower limit of plant life is marked, roughly, by the maxi¬ 
mum height of the waves in summer. The winter waves and 
