-35- 
fluencQd by variations in physiography. This includes sub¬ 
merged ledges of rook, shore, cliff3, coves and the accumula-r 
tion of shingle barriers. Submerged ledges, breaking the 
effect of the waves, and coves affording protected areas, are 
both factors in extending the forested area closer to the 
water's edge. The effect of these two influences may be 
seen in fig. 15. 
It seemed possible to classify the shore into 
three general types, as shown in fig. 21. Fig* A shows a 
type in which the surface immediately back of the shore line 
is low. It often represents the mouth of a gully, and possibly 
of a drowned river (see Ruthven (23) p. 25). The area is 
swampy, usually being occupied by large specimens of Thuja 
ocoidentalis and Fraxinus nigra . It is sometimes separated 
from the immediate shore line by a narrow zone of shingle 
and driftwood. Back of the area, there is often an abrupt 
rise of from 6 to 10 m. to the typical hemlock forest. 
In B f the hemlock forest extends practically 
up to th 3 shore line, though there is always a fringe of other 
species on the iimiedi ate outskirts, the commonest being arbor 
vitae and white biroh. Other species occurring are Abies 
balsamea , Acer saooharum and Acer spioatum . Stages inter¬ 
mediate between A and B occur. 
C represents the conditions whene the shore line 
