N. Y. State Fruit Growers’ Association 
Part III. 
“The Greatest Need of the Home,” 
was the title of an address by iirs. H. 
M. Dunlap of Illinois. She said that 
no woman can be a companion to any 
man unless she stands by his side on a 
plane of ecpiality intellectually, socially, 
and politically as well as morally and 
spiritually, and she need not be less wom¬ 
anly in performing all those functions in 
connection with those of domestic and 
family life. The purpose of the woman 
in the home, working on the same plane 
as her husband should be to make a 
stronger and better manhood. This is 
the salvation of our nation—in a word 
the nurture and education of the child. 
Let us restore the home as the social 
center of the family and neighborhood. 
Let the fireplace not be supplanted by 
the club. See that the strong character 
forming books are read in the home and 
they are talked about. 
There is a new education in the air. 
Schools of matrimony, domestic economy, 
and physical and moi’al training, but 
bringing out each child’s individuality. 
Teach the boys and the girls the health 
habit in the hoim*—to be pure and clean, 
as they do not always stay when they go 
to college and see the faculty smoking 
and drinking intoxicants. The boy or 
girl is not educated who has not firmly 
fixed in his mind the health habit. Start 
the children in the work habit and let 
them help produce at least a part of 
what they get. In these ways make all 
life a school. 
“Pear Blight" was the subject of the 
address by Prof. M. B. Waite. Dep.art- 
ment of Agriculture, Washington. D. G. 
The pear blight germ, he said, is a na¬ 
tive of America, having lived on such 
wild stocks as thorn bushes and crab 
apple for an indefinite time. It goes to 
the more tender wood and foliage as the 
pear and apph* to feed on when there is 
an opportunity. The germ is immediate¬ 
ly killed by sunshine, except its spores. 
These are sjtread by the wind, and the 
disease increased. The size of the germ 
is 1-18000 by l-2.’)000 of an inch and can 
feed only in masses. The protection of 
a tree is the cuticle on the leaves and 
the cork-like substance of the bark, that 
is impervious to germs if unbroken. The 
pear blight may enter the nectary of the 
jdants at blossoming time, so bees may 
carry the germs from blossom to blos¬ 
som. The germ may be spread by get¬ 
ting in at the twig pips, when the bark 
is tender if it is punctured by breaking 
either by wind or by accident. Possible 
growth cracks may let in the germs for 
a short time. The germ is distributed by 
any object that moves about, as insects, 
birds or persons, anything that breaks 
the bark of the trees makes the en¬ 
trance i)oint. It is fortunate that its 
host is sometimes resistant to the germ 
and it stops because it may find the tis¬ 
sue too dry or too tough, and so stops 
at or before the point of serious in¬ 
fection, and the tree may be saved. The 
pear blight may be carried through the 
Winter by “hold-overs” in some part of 
the tree where some tender portion per¬ 
mitted the mass of germs to make pro- 
greas and e.stablish themselves late in 
the Fall. Those that live over may the 
next year infect the blossoms, twigs, 
trunk, collars, or fruit of the tree, if the 
bark is broken and if tender tissues are 
found, may destroy a part or all of the 
tree. The season of blossom infection is 
prolonged by having pears and apples 
near each other, as the germ infects ap¬ 
ple hlos.soms aher the season of pear 
blossoming. This is bad for the apple 
orchard, and has seriously injured some 
orchard.s. Having the blight on the trees 
how shall we stop its progre.ss and save 
the tree, is the important question. 
Plowing under nitrogenous cover crops 
before too much nitrogen is stored in the 
soil, should be done. The more the tree 
is pruned the more it may blight, but it 
is better to strike a balance and prune 
when necessary. The most important 
single thing you can do to control the 
disease, is the eradication on all the 
“liold-over.s” late in the Fall. Cut the 
infected wood below the blight into 
healthy w'ood if ijossible, then disinfect 
the cut surface with corrosive sublimate 
1 to 1000 applied with a sponge. Grow¬ 
ing more resistant pears and stocks will 
reduce blight. 
Mrs. D. C. Noble. Middlebury, Yt., 
talked about “Our Insect Friends and 
Foes and Why We Should Know Them 
Better.” She described her experience 
with disease-infected trees from nurser¬ 
ies and her large loss in planting an or¬ 
chard. She planted and managed her 
own orchard. She said “Aphis eggs were 
on the trees when I bought them; also 
root gall. etc. I had to get tree wise 
myself for I could not hire help that 
could do my work. I have had to do all 
kinds of work with my own hands, be¬ 
cause of inefiicient help. I began to col¬ 
lect all sorts of insects and study them 
until I knew the good bugs and the bad 
ones. There is a wonderland in store 
for those who will study the insect world. 
Studying the natural history of their life 
is about the only way to control them, 
so why not have elementary courses in 
entomology, especially in rural schools?” 
Mrs. Noble has demonstrated that a 
woman can be a successful orchard far¬ 
mer. She has gone at her problem in a 
scientific and businesslike way, and has 
gone ahead of most men in solving them. 
G. II. Miller of the Agricultural De¬ 
partment at Washington, gave some in¬ 
formation about orcharding in the North- 
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