25.3 
RURAL NEW-YORKER 
Western New York Horticultural Society 
Part II. 
Prof. Parrott’s conclusions were that 
a large part of the failure to grow fruit 
that meets the requirements of the high¬ 
est grades in the N. Y. apple packing 
law, would be eliminated by right si)ray¬ 
ing methods. 
Prof. Stewart said that scab aud jt 
few other diseases might be developed in 
ordinary storage, but not in cold stor¬ 
age. Seldom does scab spread from one 
apple to another in storage. Almost any 
injury to the skin when the apple is 
growing may result in corky scab spots 
on the ripe apple so that it appears 
imperfect. Sooty blotch, if .‘Jtarted be¬ 
fore storage it is I’easonable to believe, 
might develop in common storage, so as 
to .seriously deform the apple. Apple 
rot may attack fruit, both on the tree 
and in storage. Fungi that produce rot. 
can make no growth in cold storage 
temperature, which prevents all the dis¬ 
eases from developing. 
I*rof. T. L. Lyons, of Cornell, said! 
“fJra.ss has a depre.ssing influence on the 
formation of nitrates in the soil. This 
action is caused not only by the use that 
the, grass makes of the nitrate for its 
own gi'owth. but also by some less un¬ 
derstood action that it exerts on the 
■bacterial processes by which nitrates are 
formed. As a result of those influences 
sod in orchards tends to rob the trees 
of that form of nitrogen that they can 
most easily absorb. Other crops, and 
among them those used as cover crops, 
iilso tend to depress nitrate formation, 
but probably none is so destructive as 
grass. The supply of easily available 
nitrogen is the most important factor in 
fertilization of orchards in the Eastern 
States, and the rational management of 
orchards calls for treatment lhat will 
encourage the formation of nitrates from 
the .soil supply of nitrogen. If soil on 
which Timothy and such crops as oats 
and corn are growing is tested for ni¬ 
trates it will be found that almost none 
of this very available form of nitrogen 
is found under Timothy at any time, 
while more is to be found under oats 
during the early part of the Summer, 
and considerably more under corn. Dur¬ 
ing the first part of the .Summer there 
is as much nitrate nitrogen in corn soil 
as in cultivated soil with no ci’ops on 
it. This would suggest tlnit corn would 
be a less injurious crop for inter-plant¬ 
ing in young orchards than the othei-.s 
mentioned. 
The various plants u.sed as cover 
crops appear to influence differently the 
formation of nitrates in soil. During 
the last two years some of these have 
been raised on continuous plots on the 
exi>eriment field and the nitrate content 
of jthe soil determined from time to 
time. In none of the plots was there 
ii marked accumulation of nitrates until 
the crops were plowed under. The date 
of i)lowing is therefore important. It 
should be done so as to allow the ni¬ 
trates to develop at the time when the 
trees need them. It seems probable that 
this is in the very early part of the grow¬ 
ing season. If that is the case plowing 
under the cover crop should be done 
very early in the Spring, probably as 
soon as the laud is fit to plow. Ni¬ 
trates will then continue to develop rap¬ 
idly until the land is again planted. Til¬ 
lage should T)e continued late enough in 
the season to insure a liberal quantity of 
nitrogen for the trees. Cover crops rec¬ 
ommended are the clovers, Soy beans, 
and vetch, ^own in midsummer, and 
plowed early in the .Spring followed by 
cultivation in the early i)art of Summer. 
Paul Work, of Cornell, said that mar¬ 
ket gardening has been changed by the 
auto truck and canning factory. The 
.scoi)e of marketing has been enlarged 
so commercial gardening can be made 
profitable if done at points distant from 
inar. et. Vegetable growing is adapted to 
inter-cropping young orchards and helps 
to pay expenses while the orchard is 
coming into bearing. The man who 
starts an orchard with a small capital 
must live while waiting for his fruit. 
There are instance.s where the vegetables 
have paid for the land and made a liv¬ 
ing for the owner before the trees bore 
ij’uit. The trees are sure of getting good 
tillage and have use of the fertilizers ap- 
plu'd to the vegetables. Some of the 
most successful orchardists, he said, 
have developed their orchards almost 
without cost, by inter-cropping with veg¬ 
etables and catch crops. 
The Commissioner of Agriculture, C. 
S. ^Yilson. said that thousands of boxes 
of Westei-n £yu4 are being sold in the city 
of llochester, in the great ox’chard center 
of the world. He said thp restaurant 
keepers want apples in three grades, 
they can sell with cream, for 20, 10, and 
5 cents, according to the size and quali¬ 
ty of the apple. The We.stern N. Y. 
grower can meet all the requirements of 
the most fancy city trade. All over the 
country the Western fruit is displayed 
and .sold, often shutting out N. Y. fruit. 
Western growere advertise their fruit 
everywhere, until i)eople ask for it. 
New York growers must advertise their 
best fruit so the consumer will know 
which kind to buy for dessert or culin¬ 
ary purposes. The State societies should 
start a propaganda for the apples so we 
can sell our apples in the localities 
where they are grown, and not allow 
the IS'estern grower to take away our 
markets. 
S. W. Fletcher, Prof, of Horticulture, 
State f’ollege of Pennsylvania, spoke on 
the outlook for profitable apple culture, 
lie said that in the apple business, the 
boom period has passetl aud we are in 
a period of readjustment. We are en¬ 
couraged when we think of the new 
plantings, by figuring on the natural in¬ 
crease of population which in due time 
will double in this country. Only a part 
of the trees planted in boom years will 
ever come into profitable bearing. Prob¬ 
ably less than 00% Avill ever become 
a factor in the market. We have better 
storage facilities and better methods of 
distribution. There is but little new 
planting of the smalt fiirm orchards. 
These are going out and will figure less 
in the market which will be supplied by 
the large commercial orchards. 
Discouraging factors are the increase 
of consumption of citrus fruits, and the 
labor problem. The future will require 
competition between other fruit indus¬ 
tries and the public must have good fruit. 
The fruit must be as well advertised as 
other fruit. It means organization and 
standardization of apples in the markets. 
Some advantages in the East are cheap¬ 
er lands and nearness to the largest 
markets. We have better storage facili¬ 
ties for apples. We have a better out¬ 
let for culls that can be worked up In 
by-products and sold in nearby markets. 
Ultimately it will be the survival of 
the fittest in the apple business and even 
now the i)rocess of elimination has be¬ 
gun. The prospect is bright, but not 
for all orchardists, ‘but only for those 
who can produce the best fruit the most 
cheaply. 
M. G. Kains, of Port Washington, N. 
Y., spoke on pruning problems in or¬ 
chard renovation, illustrating the subject 
with a stereopticon. He said the first 
thing to do is to decide which trees to 
operate on. Putting in young trees to 
take the place of the old ones is not a, 
good proposition. Only the trees that' 
have sound trunks and main branches 
are worth our effort to renew them. The 
right way is to remove a branch so as 
to leave no stub Avhatever. The wound 
may be treated with creosote if done 
carefully so as not to touch the bark. 
Creosote is better than paint for wounds 
will decay under paint. Dehorning can 
be successfully done and an almost en¬ 
tirely new top grown. A tree that has 
a large growth of sprouts from the base 
shows that the root system is still goo(l 
and the tree can be renewed. Thus with 
a good trunk and strong crotches we can 
go ahead to dehorn or prune. Weak 
crotches can be supplemented for a time 
by chains or wire, but these may become 
imbedded in the tree and cause decay. 
When sawing off a branch first start be¬ 
low and saw as far as practicable before 
sawing the top. Do not prune too much 
in one yejir as it throws the tree out 
of balance. Avoid square angles in start¬ 
ing an upright on a horizontal branch. 
Kemember that most of the fruit grows 
on fruit' spure so leave some good 
healthy wood that can produce plenty of 
si)urs. 
O. W. Sehleussner, U. S. Dei)t. of 
Agriculture, gave an illustrated lecture 
on a co6i>erative association near Sejit- 
tle, that has made the growing and mar¬ 
keting of small fruits on a large .scale 
profitable. The Sumner Fruit Shippers’ 
Association use 15,000 pickers in the 
fields and several 'hundred in the can¬ 
ning factory. It is a stock company and 
the fruit growers own the stock in small 
shares. The association also buys sup¬ 
plies for its members and so saves money 
both in buying and marketing. With a 
capital stock of 25,000 they do a busi¬ 
ness of over .$1,000,000 each year. The 
company is made of small farmers, own¬ 
ing from 10 to 20 acres. The main crops 
are raspberries, strawberries, currants, 
and cherries. 
A. B. Katkamier, of Macedon. N. Y., 
described his method of growing straw- 
b(‘rries. Mr. Katkamiei’’s own words 
are as follows,: “I set out strawberries in 
tlie late Fall. This seems to me to be 
important information. For six years 1 
have 'been experimenting and from this . 
on I shall set about all my berry plants 
in the Fall, beginning any time after 
the middle of October and continuing 
until Winter shuts off the work, or un¬ 
til all my plantings are out. Of course 
I operate on a small scale—^^beginning 
Nov. 18 I set out 7,000 strawberry 
jdants and finished on Dec. 8th. lOKi. 
On .Tan. 9 of the present year I set 
out a few score of strawberry plants. 
Mr. Katkamiei’S thinks he gets more 
berries with less work with this plan.” 
w. H. j. 
Y OU have heard of the man whose wife 
and daughters were so tired of the old 
place that they wanted to sell it, but who 
ch^ged their minds after the man had it 
painted up so that it would sell. 
There isn’t an expenditure or an investment 
about your building that counts for more 
than good painting—or that counts in so 
many ways: 
Increase in market value. 
Added beauty to the neighborhood. 
The example of thrift. 
Pleasure to your family and friends. 
Actual protection to your building. 
That prosperous look which helps bring prosperity. 
To make sure of these results, use 
Dutch Boy 
White Lead 
Paint made by mixing this long-tested, re¬ 
liable pigment with pure linseed oil comes 
pretty close to meeting every paint require¬ 
ment. It makes a smooth, hard, beautiful, 
non-cracking, long-wearing film that sticks 
close to the wood and is ready for repaint¬ 
ing without expensive preparation. 
For full information on oainting, 
ask us for Paint Points No. J61 
National Lead Company 
New York Boston Cincinnati Cleveland 
Baffalo ChicaKO San Francisco St. Louis 
(John T. Lewis & Bros. Co., Philadelphia) 
(National Lead & Oil Co., Pittsburgh) 
Red lead is the 
best ktiown pre¬ 
ventive of rust 
Dutch Boy 
Red Lead 
comes in paste 
form like white 
lead, in steel 
kegs. Stir in lin¬ 
seed oil and 
drier and it is 
ready to apply. 
It will be money 
in your pocket 
to have a keg of 
Dutch Boy Red 
Lead always at 
hand to touch 
up the numerous 
bits of metal 
about the farm. 
For the Land's Saka~Use Bowker's Fertilizers 
Look out for 
your Seed Com! 
M uch complaint about poor seed 
corn has been heard. Farmers 
say it has been soft, immature, 
slow to germinate. Seed corn to be 
good, must be well ripened, 
GROW YOUR CORN with 
BOWKER’S FERTIUZER 
Broadcast most of the fertilizer; but 
use a little in the hill or drill. It will 
bring the crop along fast and ripen it 
early. Don't grow any more soft com. 
At the R. I. Corn Show in December, the 
prizes for the acre contest and for the best 10 ears 
in the show went to corn grown on Bowker’s 
Fertilizer. Ask for illustrated catalogue for 1917 show¬ 
ing photographs of big crops (and good crops) of com, etc. 
Ask for agent's name or for an agency 
yourself, Also for our book How to Get • Crop of Corn ’ ’ 
BOWKER FERTILIZER CO. 
Boston, New York, BoBalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore 
SUBSIDIARY OP THE AMERICAN ASRICULTURAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 
23 
When you write advertisers mention The 
quick reply and a ^‘square deal.’* See 
R. N,~Y, and you'll get a 1 
guarantee editorial page. I 
