484 
soniefhing like a half mile and pee if cowr had 
lonj' hairs on their belly, flank, teats or udders, or 
uhether they were clean fi’oin cliiniinfr dli’t or ina- 
imre. or whether they were in siood flesh or condi¬ 
tion (it of or if the niilkins stool 
was clean, nr without askiii}: me in jterson. the 
iHily one who milke*! these cows, how could he know 
Effect of Dynamite on Stumps. Fig. 196 
if I milk with a dry hand or if first few streams 
were disC!irde<l or if clofhiiijt; of milker WJis clean. ^ 
or if cows had lieen tuberculin tested? 
AX orTDonK lllvRl).—What difference did it 
make with the "bacteria content of the milk jn’o- 
duced from this herd if the windows, walls tind 
ledftes w(*re covert'd tvith cohwt'hs and dirt, when 
these cows were for tit least live months in the 
yetir lU'Vt'r nearer tlmn 120 rods to these windows, 
wall tint! h'dges? T call your attention to rule 46, 
and ask Imw could one remove manure from barn 
daily when cows tire never in the barn durinj; the 
Summer mouths? It would seem that we should 
have ti score card with some elasticity in it, some- 
thins to fit such cases as above cited. Also inspec¬ 
tors with enough judgment to use this elasticity to 
the best for all concerned. 
AllltAXfJKMENT OF BARN.—My barn (see next 
pafie) was built in 1012 (si/.e .S8x.50; cost .$2000) with 
a.s fine a b.-isement as money could build. The part 
wherein my cows are kejit is ceiled up, both ceiling 
and side walls, with one inch thick red beech lum¬ 
ber planed and matched, making a perfectly smooth 
surface, and of course ii very clean and haid sui- 
face. Yet. because of the fact that I don’t throw a 
cojit of whifi'wash on this ceiled surface, or paint 
it, I am cut three points on the score card. My 
barn surely is not the only barn thiit has a ceiled- 
up” cow apartment. Here, too, a little elasticity in 
the score (‘ard would be an improvement. 
CHANBINC THE ORAI )E.—Another puzzling 
.situation is why the milk dealer can buj this C 
Hrade” milk, run it through a pasteurizing machine, 
bottle it and sell it for "B Ctrade. ’ In fact I have 
known whei'o both Brade B and C were dumped in 
together in one vat and then run through this afore¬ 
said instrumi'iit iind all bottled and marked Brade 
“B.” I am told that no Grade C milk or any raw 
milk is allowed to he sold in New York City. Ex- 
lilanations are in order. 
ANOTHER VISIT.—.\.s aforesaid, this inspection 
Avas back in 1015 and I was not again visited by 
a New York City Board of Health man until Feb¬ 
ruary 20. 1917. Again I was absent, but met this 
New York (Mty ri'iiresent.-itive in town telling him 
I could not be jiresent. He asked me a few of the 
usual (luestions. iiroceeding then on to my place, 
where the balance of the card was filled out. This 
time my cows were in the barn of course and he 
could not help but see them. 'Wln'tlu'r he saw them 
or not I cannot sa.y. But I do know that three 
days iirevious to his visit I scrubbed this cow stable, 
both sidewalls, windows and fiooi's, with soap and 
water, using a scrub brush as wi'll as broom. M iu- 
dows were taken out and waslu'd, and jet upon m\ 
return I found a score card reading as follows: 
42.—Window iianes are not washed or kept 
clean (cobwebs! .•_ • • • ^'oro 
4 ‘\, —Walls and ledges are not hejit clean troni 
dust, dirt and manure . /'‘'I'l 
48.—Milking .stools, none . 
A FAIRER SYSTEiM NEEDED.—.Vt this inspection 
I secured a rating of 64 points, or .iust enough to keep 
me under the reiiuired 68 for "B ’ milk. I feel that mj 
case is not the only one and assert that .something 
should be done to alleviate this condition. I have 
no ipiari'e! with the New York Citj Boaid of 
Health, for I feel that by their getting the farmers 
to “clean up” much sickness and perhaps many lives 
are saved, but it is shamefully unfair that the far¬ 
mer cannot have some voice in the making of these 
rules. Also of saying something as to what the re* 
RURAL NEW-YORKER 
(piirements and qualifications of the inspectors shall 
be. I would suggest that one of these requirements 
and qualifications .should be that an inspector in or¬ 
der ro be eligible to try the civil service examinations 
for inspector of dair.v barns, premises and h^rds 
should have at least five years' experience as a dairy 
farmer. As the score card is now it is too rigid, 
unfair and unreasonable, and after an in.spectoi has 
visited a neighborhood much dissatisfaction is 
heard. Let us hope that there will come a day 
when all jiarties concerned shall have a V4)ice in 
this important matter. r. J. iricKEY. 
Tioga Co., N. Y. 
The Citrus Industry 
Part II. 
livery 24 hours from .lOO to 400 telegrams are re¬ 
ceived from the selling agencies in every large mar¬ 
ket centre in the I’nited States and Canada, ghing 
full information about market conditions. This in¬ 
formation is put in bulletin foiTU, which is promptl.v 
.sent to ever.v district exchange, the m.-ui.-igcr of which 
is advised as to what number of cai's to foiavard and 
where to send them. This information in fr»><iuently 
sent out several times a day. 
PFRCHA.'SING ST’PPLIES.—Several .vears ago 
ilu' companies siqiplying material for bo.xes put u]) 
the iirice from 11 cents to 21 cents a box. when a 
sup))ly company was pronqitly organized to jirotect 
the growers in their purchase of supplies from such 
trade (»xtortion. The suppl.v compan.v. an inde- 
]K'iident co?'])oration. through the district exchanges. 
On page 404 mention wa.s made of the use of asphaltum paint as a 
preventive of peach borer. Fig. 197 above shows how this is done 
raised caiiital with which timber lands were pur¬ 
chased, mills erected to make boxes and to supply 
fertilizer, chemicals, machinery, hardware, paper 
and all supplies, needed by the growers and the pack¬ 
ing houses. With the year ending August 81. 1916, 
the Fruit Growers’ Suppl.v Company handled for 
its members, orders for materials to the extent of 
.$4,092,865. After setting asid $17,7.88.9.8 for a re¬ 
serve fund, a refund of $160,000 was made to the 
members. In seven years the capital of the com- 
jainy has been increa.sed to $1,150,000. Dividends 
of $.817,628.05 have been paid to members, while 
$445,908.45 have been paid them in refunds or 
further reduction in prices charged for matei’ials 
bought making a total of $756.59<;.50 returned in 
cash. A total value of materials amounting to $17,- 
709.672.50 has bi'cn distilbuted to members, who 
have reci'ived not less th.an six per cent, on their 
c.'ipital invested. These figures are well Avorthy of 
study upon the A'alue of cor)peration in agriculture. 
ADVERTISING.—One. of the very intei'esting 
features of the Fruit Gi-oAvers’ Exchange is that 
of adA’ertising to make knoAA'ii to the trade and to 
the consuming imblic the A'alue of citrus fruits as 
;i food commodit.A'. It is ex])ending for 1917, $450,- 
oOO for this imrposc in making knoAvn through mag¬ 
azines and many i»ublications the food properties 
and health-giving qualities of citrus fruit,s. It has 
agents in many large cities Avho aid retailers in 
making more attractive dis])lay of the fruit, Avith 
suggestions on how to increase their sales by giv¬ 
ing information about the uses of the fruits and 
hoAv by reducing retail prices they may increa.se 
their profits through larger-sales in volume result¬ 
ing from a larger demand of consumers. The most 
successful merchants have long ago learned the 
value of right advertising and the business manage¬ 
ment of the Exchange has already found justifica- 
March 31, 1917. 
tiou for this very large expenditure of money in 
adverti.sing a single agricultural food pi'oduct. One 
of the special features of this advertising campaign, 
is that of putting upon the market a distinct brand 
of oranges, lemons and grapefruit. knoAvn as “.Sun- 
kist." Under this name and brand no fruit is al- 
loAA'ed to be jiacked or sold, unless it is strictly good 
in eA'ery respect. It may be packed in any size but 
its quality must be absolutely good. The Exchange, 
through eA'eiy possible means, is protecting this 
brand. Through its field department the work of 
every packing house is closely inspected. It is to 
the advantage of every groAver to produce as much 
fruit as jiossible that may be eligible for this 
brand, becaus*' of its higher selling A’alue. EA’ery 
Jobber and auction house is glad to get this brand 
because of its selling reimtatioii that is already es¬ 
tablished. Evi'ry retailer is uoav seeking this brand. 
"Sunkist.” because his customers are noA’er dissat- 
i.sfied in their purchase of it. It is dependable, a 
most imjiortant factor Avith the buyei' and user. 
RESIH/r8 uF INTELLIGENT WORK.— As an ed¬ 
ucational pro])osition to iiroduce and to put upon 
the market one agricultural product that at eA’ery 
jioint shall carry Avith it a guarantee of its qual¬ 
ity, Avith Avhich the knoAvledge and integrity of the 
jiroducer and jiacker are so closely associated, it 
is one of the most far-reaching in its effect and 
value in agriculture and not Avithout value Avhen 
a]»])lied to other industrie.-.;. The Exchange returned 
Itack to the groAver of citrus fruits in California in 
1916. .$27,500,000 at a cost in transacting the busi¬ 
ness of 2)4 ])er cent. With the large adA’ertising 
approiiriatiou included the total cost AA’as a trifle 
OA’er three per cent. In this A’a.st amount of sales 
there was in uncollectable bills but $1.84. In the 
AA’ork of farmers, could coojieration with this high 
degi-ee of efiiciency he more generally applii'd it 
AA’ould add many more millions to their incomes. 
GEORGE T. POWELL. 
How to Dispose of Stumps 
ILVVE used a number of methods for killing or 
removing green stunqis. Such treatment as cut¬ 
ting the spi-outs, etc., takes lots of time and work. 
Chemicals, such as saltpeter or burning Avith oil, 
leave the roots, and cause trouble if you wish to 
cultivate the ground. Locust stumps are very hard 
to kill by any treatment exci'pt blasting. I now use 
dynamite to remove all kinds and sizes of stumps. 
This only requires a fetv minutes’ time, and is the 
cheapest and most profitable method. The size and 
condition of a stump govern the amount of explo¬ 
sive to use. 
An ordinary locust stump can be removed by 
from two to five sticks of 40% dynamite. I remove 
a large seasoned oak stump (see Fig. 198) by bor¬ 
ing a hole underneath the stumi). and u.sing a cham¬ 
bering spoon to remoA’e enough dirt, .so a charge 
of five sticks of the 40% dynamite could be placed 
dii-ectly under the stump. I primed the charge Avith 
a fuse and cap, and tamped firmly Avith dry dirt. 
The force of the explosive completely removed the 
stump, and broke it into a nuinber of pieces (see 
Fi;g. 196). The entire cost of the dynamite, fuse 
Oak Stump Before Dynamiting. Fig. 198 
.and cap Avas 65 cents. I do not estimate the value 
of the time used, as I enjoy the Avork of remov¬ 
ing the stumps, and I am AA’ell paid for the time, 
as a stump that is completely removed Avill never 
cause any more trouble, as there are no roots to 
sprout, no time to Avait and the work is complete. 
Ohio. Q- m’geb. 
