548 
IShB RURAL NEW-YORKER 
Means to You What the 
Railroad Meant to 
Your Father 
Since the time of two-wheel ox carts, the 
farmer who makes money is the one who 
can figure out a cheaper and quicker way 
to get his goods to market. 
Every dollar you save on transportation 
is clear profit. 
We can prove to you that a Koehler 1 }/i 
ton truck will cut your hauling costs in two. 
It frees horses for farm work. It saves an 
enormous amount of your time. It en¬ 
ables you to take your produce to the 
most profitable market. 
VA TON TRUCK 
OVERHEAD VALVES 
INTERNAL GEAR DRIVE 
The Koehler is every inch of it a truck. 
There isn’t a pleasure car unit in it. It’s 
built for years of brutal, rough-and-ready 
work. It isn’t a cross between a cycle 
car and dump cart. It isn’t a pleasure 
car that has seen better days. 
The overhead valve motor is a glutton 
for punishment. It will yank the truck 
through anything and over anything. It’s 
as powerful as an ox, as rugged as a mule, 
and takes the level stretches faster than 
the law allows. 
Finally. The Koehler is the lowest priced truck 
of equal power and capacity on the market. This 
means less investment and therefore less depreci¬ 
ation. Itis built so ruggedly that it will outwear 
trucks costing a lot more. 
We have an attractive proposition for established 
automobile dealers. 
If there is no Koehler agent near you, get in touch 
with us direct and learn about our guarantee 
which insures absolute satisfaction. 
BRIEF SPECIFICATIONS: 
MOTOR 3}<i X 5, 35 H. P. 4-cyl. OVERHEAD 
VALVES, long stroke, large three-bearing 
crank shaft. RADIATOR fin-head, built-up 
type, TRANSMISSION 3-speed selective, 
annular ball-bearings. DRIVE, shaft and 
double universale; INTERNAL OEAR REAR 
AXLE. CLUTCH, dry multiple disc. WHEEL 
BASE 129 inches. 
H.J. KOEHLER MOTORS CORPORATION 
Incorporated 1895 Newark, N.J. 
Not a 
single 
pleasure 
car 
unit 
Idake yonr own Fertillzer at small cost Witb 
Wilson's Phosphate Mills 
From 1 to 40 n. P. Send for catalogue.' 
WILSON BROS. Sole Mfrs., CMtOD, Pi./ 
Farm, Garden and Orchard Tools 
Answer the farmers’ big questions. 
How can I grow crops with less 
expense ? How can I save in plant¬ 
ing potatoes? How make high 
priCM seed go farthest? The 
IRON AGE Potato Planter 
solves the labor problem and makes 
the best use of high priced seed. 
Means $5 to $50 extra profit per acre. 
Every seed piece in its place 
and only one. Saves 1 to 2 
bushels seed per acre. Uni¬ 
form depth; even 
spacing. Wo make 
a full line of potato 
machinery. Send 
for booklet today. 
No Misses 
No Doubles 
BatemanM’f’gCo.jBox 2B, Grenlocli,N.J. 
EVENTS OF THE WEEK 
DOMESTIC.—Of applicants for first 
citizenship papers at San .Tuan, Porto 
Rico, under the new law, it developed, 
March 29, some 50 per cent, are Ger¬ 
mans. 
Riltmore, the estate of the late George 
W. Vanderbilt, near Asheville, N. C., has 
been offered by Mrs. Edith Vanderbilt to 
the War Department as a mobilization 
camp site. 
March 29 fire in the I’acific branch of 
the Brooklyn, N. Y., Public Library 
caused a loss estimated at from $50,000 
to $75,000. The fire was suspected to be 
of incendiary origin. 
Gen. George W. Goethals notified Gov. 
Edge of New Jersey, March 29, that he 
had accepted the position of State En¬ 
gineer, which was created under a spe¬ 
cial act during the present session of the 
Legislature. Gen. (voethals will have su¬ 
pervision over the projected system _of 
highways, which will cost about $15,- 
0(i0,000. The law authoriziug the ap¬ 
pointment of the General was drafted in 
broad terms in order that his work might 
not be limited greatly. He will be ad¬ 
viser and supervisor of the work of any 
commission in existence now or that may 
be created later to take up the question 
of new tunnels under the Hudson or 
Helawai’e rivers or bridges over the Del¬ 
aware, and will also have much power 
in the proi)o.sed trausstate ship canal 
and the development of the Jersey water¬ 
front. 
The amendment to the New Jersey 
marriage license law, which went into 
effect April 1, makes it necessary for 
applicants for a liconse to wait 48 hours 
before they can obtain it. A further de¬ 
lay of 24 hours is necessary before the 
marriage can take place. 
Gov. Graham of Vermont announced, 
April 1, that he had .signed the legis¬ 
lative bill which reimn-es Vermont’s dis¬ 
tinction as a “Gretna Green” State. By 
the terms of the law couples who are 
residents of itlaces other than that in 
which the marriage licen.se is isued must 
wait five days before the ceremony can 
be performed. 
It took a Federal jury in New York 
less than fifteen minutes, April 2, to con¬ 
vict six men—one an American citizen 
of German birth, and live German sub- 
ject.s—of conspiracy to destroy merchant 
steamships by means of incendiary 
bombs. The convicted men are Capt, 
Charles von Kleist, who was assistant 
to Dr. Walther T. Scheele, a chemist; 
Karl Schmidt, chief engineer on board 
the Friedrich der Grosse; Ernest Booker, 
electrician; Frederick Kerbade, George 
Braedel and Wilhelm Parades, fourth en¬ 
gineers on the same ship. 
The Grand Jury handed up to Judge 
Rosalsky, at New York, April 3, a ser¬ 
ies of resolutions coudemuiug improper 
use of the privileges of free speech, and 
urging the I’olice Commission to put au 
end to the practice of assailing the 
United States Government in speeclu's 
delivered on street corners anff in public 
l)arks. The resolutions request District 
Attorney Swann to submit to the Legis¬ 
lature a bill making any seditious utter¬ 
ance a crime punishable by a severe 
]ienalty. 
George Born, a native of Germany, 
was arraigned before United States 
Commissioner Hitchcock at New Y’^ork, 
.\pril 3, on the charge of violating .sec¬ 
tion 1750 of the Ignited States Criminal 
Code in that he swore falsely to an oath 
before the American Consul in Hull, 
England, on November 9, 1915. Born, 
who had obtained his first papers and 
who lived in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., for sev¬ 
eral years, admitted he was guilty of the 
charge, waived examination and was 
held for the Grand Jury. In default of 
$5,000 hail he was committed to the 
Tombs. The arrest of Born is believed 
to have been due to the revelations made 
in connection with the arrest of Albert 
O. Sander and Karl N. Wunnenberg, the 
two Germans who under i)retext of con¬ 
ducting an exchange for the selling of 
motion pictures from the Teutonic al¬ 
lies w’ere maintaining a .spy system in 
England. Through facts obtained at the 
time of the arrest of those two men spe¬ 
cial agents of the Department of Justice 
have been fitting in evidence gathered 
about the wanderings of Americans of 
foreign birth in the countries of the En¬ 
tente Allies. 
FARM AND GARDEN.—Damage to 
floral establishments in New Albany, 
Ind., directly across the river from Louis¬ 
ville. Ky., will run to something over 
$150,000, it is estimated, as a result of 
the severe cyclone which struck that city 
on [March 23. The path of the storm 
was 2^/4 miles long and half a mile wide, 
hardly a tree or bnildiug being left un¬ 
damaged in the district affected. The 
business section of the city was not hurt 
to any extent, the damage being all In 
the outskirts and residential district. 
The number of canning factories re¬ 
porting for 1915 and 1910, with total 
acreage reported, the product from which 
was manufactured as reported to the 
Bureau of Crop Estimates, no account 
being taken of the tonnage bought out¬ 
side of contracts, was as follows: Corn, 
324 factories with 216.151 acres in 1916 
as compared with 194,188 acres in 1915; 
peas, 202 factories and 86,294 acres as 
against 99,632 acres; tomatop.s, 905 fac¬ 
tories and 164.406 acres as against 126,- 
520 acres in 1915. 
The Onondaga Fruit Growers’ Asso¬ 
ciation will cooperate with the florists’ 
clubs of New York State in an effort to 
secure a new horticultural building at 
the State Fair. 
The entire supply of raw w’ool owned 
or controlled in Boston, the largest wool 
market in the world, was ordered re¬ 
served for Government use by vote of the 
Boston Wool Trade Association at a 
special meeting April 3. The stock will 
be offei-ed to the Government at the 
prices quoted on that date, and each 
member of the association will furnish 
an inventory of stock on hand to a com¬ 
mittee which will cooperate with the 
Government. 
The New York State Guernsey Breed¬ 
ers’ Association will hold its annual 
meeting at Hotel Imperial, New York 
City, May 15; James II. Seaman, sec¬ 
retary. 
WASHINGTON.—The President’s ad¬ 
dress to Congress, April 2, included the 
following demands: To declare that a 
.state of war exists with Germany. To 
take immediate steps to defend the coun¬ 
try. To exert all the power and re¬ 
sources of the nation, in hearty and 
practical cooperation with the Entente 
Allies, to bring the German Government 
to terms. The practical military meas¬ 
ures which the President asks for are: 
Organization and mobilization of all the 
material resources of the country. Im¬ 
mediate raising of a standing army 
through universal liability to service of 
more than a million men in inci’ements of 
500.000 each. Immediate strengthening 
of the navy, with particular reference to 
combating ' German submarines. Grant¬ 
ing of adequate credits to the Govern¬ 
ment to be sustained by taxation. Ex¬ 
tension of liberal financial credits to the 
Entente nations. Supplying the En¬ 
tente nations with the materials they 
can obtain only from the United States. 
The other salient features which the 
Presdient brings out are these: Armed 
neutrality is impracticable, as it is cei’- 
tain to draw the nation into war with¬ 
out giving it the rights or effectiveness 
of belligerents. Submi.ssion to Germany 
is a course the nation cannot follow. 
The nation's quarrel is not with the Ger¬ 
man people, but against “an irresponsi¬ 
ble Government which has thrown aside 
all consideration of humanity and of 
right and is running amuck.” The 
United States “shall, if necessary, spend 
the whole force of the nation” to break 
Germany’s power. This country will not 
wage war against Austria unless Aus¬ 
tria forces it to this course. 
The House of the Sixty-fifth Congress 
was organized under Democratic con¬ 
trol, April 2. Speaker Clark and the 
entire Democratic slate of officers of 
the last Congress were re-elected with 
majorities varying from six to eleven. 
Organized .strictly along party lines, the 
Admini.stration of the new House was 
nevertheless a.ssnred by Republican 
speakers of absolutely non-partisan sup¬ 
port in all measures involving the na¬ 
tional crisis, but the Republican.s served 
notice that the country would be kept 
informed as to the real directing influ¬ 
ences and that the.se influences, as long 
as they refused to share counsel, must 
accept undivided responsibility for the 
conduct of the war. 
FOREIGN.—The steamship Aztec, 
the second armed American merchant 
vessel to sail from a port on this side 
of the Atlantic, was sunk, April 2, by a 
German submarine off an island near 
Brest, France. A heavy sea was running 
when the ship went down. The Aztec, 
a slow moving freighter of .3,727 gross 
tonnage, steamed from New York for 
Havre on March 18 with a full cargo of 
foodstuffs and general supplies valued at 
more than $500,000, The Aztec, under 
command of Capt. Walter O’Brien, was 
manned by a crew of thirty^uine. Sev¬ 
enteen of this number, including the cap¬ 
tain. wex’e American citizens; 11 men are 
missing. 
Coming Farmers’ Meetings 
American .Tersev Cattle Club, New 
York City. May 2. 
New York State Guernsey Breeders’ 
Association, annual meeting, Hotel Im¬ 
perial, New Y"ork City, May 15.^ 
Holstein-Friesiau Association of Amer¬ 
ica, Woi’cestcr, Mass., June 6. 
,\nierican Seed Trade Association, De¬ 
troit, Mich., June 19 to 21. 
.-Vmerican A.ssociation of Nurserymen, 
forty-'second annual meeting, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa., June 27-29. 
Society of American Florists and Or¬ 
namental Horticulturists, New York 
City, August 21-23. 
New Y'ork State Fair, Syracuse, N. Y,, 
September 10-15. 
Ea.steru State.s Expo.sition, Spring- 
field, Mass., Oct. 12-20. 
Sweet Clover in the South 
C’ould I sow Sweet clover on the 
\\ heatfield this Spring for pasture next 
Fall, or would it grow too tall, so it 
would give me trouble w’hen I cut the 
wheat? (About June 20.) If I did sow 
Sweet clover on the wheatfield, this year, 
next year it would be a pasture field and 
the following year it would be a cornfield. 
Would it reseed itself to give me trouble 
as a weed in my cornfield? How much 
seed would you advise sowing to an 
April 14, 1917. 
acre? Will it live in this latitude over 
Winter? We cannot get Red clover to 
grow satisfactorily. Can I mix 2-10 fer¬ 
tilizer with wood ashes just before ap¬ 
plying it to the soil with good results 
for both corn and tomatoes? v. c. K. 
Middletown, Del. 
Admitting the value of the Sweet clo¬ 
ver, Melilotus alba, in Northern sections 
where they cannot do as much with cow 
peas and Crimson clover as we can, I 
am of the opinion that in this climate 
we do not need the Sweet clover, for in 
all measures for .soil improvement we 
can do more and do it more quickly with 
peas. Soy beans and Crimson clover than 
can be done with the Sweet clover. It 
is doubtless growing wild all around you, 
as it is in the adjoining counties of 
Maryland, where it is simply regarded as 
a tall weed in waste lands. It has the 
value of inoculating the soil for Alfalfa, 
and has done this to such an extent in 
parts of Talbot County, Md., that they 
succeed there in growing Alfalfa sown 
on the wheat in Spring just as we sow 
Red clover. I was on a fine farm in 
that county at wheat harvest and was 
surprised to see a splendid stand of Al¬ 
falfa in the w’heat stubble. I have never 
known Sweet clover sown on wheat in 
the Spring, and do not know what the 
result would be. The Sweet clover is 
a biennial plant, and does not bloom or 
seed till the second year. It might give 
some pasture after the wheat is off, but 
my opinion is that you had better sow 
Red clover on the wheat and not start a 
plant that may prove a troublesome weed. 
Down here I have seen a field where 
cattle were grazing and the fence rows 
were grown up with Sweet clover five 
feet high, but the cattle did not seem to 
care for it but stuck to the grass. If the 
Sweet clover is allowed to grow up and 
seed it will seed the land from that time 
forever. Therefore, while I repeat that 
the Sweet clover may have a great value 
in the North, we do not need it down 
here. Probably the reason for Red Clo¬ 
ver not doing well with you is that your 
land is avid and needs lime. If you prac¬ 
tice a good three or foiu’-year rotation, 
turning clover for corn and harrowing 
in lime in the preparation of the soil 
every sixth year, I think that you would 
have no difficulty in growing Red clover. 
Or if you would follow the more South¬ 
ern practice and .sow an early variety of 
cow i)cas among your corn at the last 
working, you would have a dense growth 
to disk down for wheat in the Fall, and 
could harrow in the lime then, and after 
the wh(>at sow the annual Crimson clo¬ 
ver. Y"ou could more rapidly improve 
the land than with the Sweet clover, 
and by following %vith cow peas in Spring 
you could have the fine.st of hay crops 
for horned stock. 'The late Henry Wal¬ 
lace told the Iowa farmers that com¬ 
pared with Timothy hay at $13 a ton 
the cow pea hay was worth $19 a ton. 
iMe can do far more for our land and 
stock with cow peas and Crimson clover 
than can be done with Sweet clover any¬ 
where. W. F. MASSEY. 
There Were Two Continents 
The geologists state that the Atlantic 
and Pacific oceans were once directly con¬ 
nected by water. There was a river or 
natural ditch running across the present 
site of Panama and nearby areas in Cen¬ 
tral America. Thus the contiiieuts were 
separated until finally the surface of the 
earth about the site of Panama was raised 
by earth movements. These closed the 
opening between the two oceans, the 
mountains were thrown up, and made 
continuous land connection between 
North and South Amei'ica. The United 
States Geological Survey says that the 
separation of these oceans, and the mak¬ 
ing of a land passage between them, 
caused profound changes in their inhabi¬ 
tants. Before that time there had been 
hut little crossing between the two. The 
closing of the water connection worked in 
two ways to change conditions. On land, 
animaks which had formerly been restrict¬ 
ed to either the Northern or Southern 
continent mingled back and forth. .\s a 
result of this peculiar forms of life were 
distributed, .some finding entirely new 
homos, and othei-s mingling with new fam¬ 
ilies so as to produce new strains. On 
the other hand, the separation of the two 
oceans had the reverse effect upon many 
species inhabiting the oceans. They had 
formerly passed back and forth without 
trouble; but when restricted in their wan¬ 
derings, many species in an unfavorable 
environment gave up the struggle and 
were wiped out. It is said that this has 
gone on until now the water inhabitants 
of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans have 
become so distant that there is scarcely a 
single species in common to the seas on 
the two sides of the isthmus. 
