224 
nioval, when the foundation walls have become hard, 
the opening may be filled with concrete. If the 
building is strong enougn to stand it, or can be 
made so with temporary bracing, timbers may be 
lilaeed across the sleepers inside the sills out of the 
way of the forms, and by using jacks and cribbing 
the building raisetl and supported here. These 
methods are offered as suggestions only; other 
methods may suggest themselves that are more ap¬ 
plicable to this pai'ticular case. 
FOt'NDATlON AND FORMS.—To prevent set¬ 
tling and consequent cracking the foundation should 
extend down to compact earth, and should have a 
footing about twice the thickness of the wall. .V 
10 -inch wall, proi)erly placed, would, no doubt, be 
strong enough for this building, but as a thin wall 
increases the difficulty of finishing the filling of the 
forms, 12 inches is advised as the thickness; that is, 
it the building it of the usual balloon frame con¬ 
struction. The extra twm inches will make but 
little difference in the total cost of the concrete on 
a small building of this kind, and will be a consid¬ 
erable help in placing the last six inches or so of 
concrete just beneath the sill. The forms must be 
strong and rigidly built, as green concrete is vei’y 
heavy, and being plastic exexts pres.sure in every 
direction the same as Avater. The constniction of a 
Avail form is shown quite clearly in the sketch. Fig. 
S4. fi'he upright studdingg should be spaced not 
farther than three feet a])art to preA’ent the forms 
bulging betAA’^een them, and the studding should be 
tied as shoAvn AA’ith fence cap Avire to proA'ent their 
bending and sixoiling the shape of the Avail. 
TNRKRTINfl TIE AATItES.— These tie Avires are 
inserted by boring boles on each side of the up- 
I'ights, Avhich by the Avay shoxild be placed directly 
opposite each other, and passing the tie Avire ai’ound 
them as you AAmuld a pair of stakes, fastening the 
ends by tAvisting. A t lxty-penny spike is then in- 
.serted and the double Avire draAvn up taut by tAvisting. 
Short spreader sticks, cut to the pi-oper length, (the 
thickness of the Avail) prevent the sides from being 
draAvn too far in as the Avire is tAATsted up, and are 
left in place until filling, being removed just as the 
concrete reaches them. Their position as well as t be 
xnethod of tAvisting up the tie wires is shoAvn in 
the cut. Green lumber makes a better form than 
seasoned, as it does not absorb Avater as seasonsjjl 
lumber does Avhen placed in contact Avith the Avet- 
concrete, AA’ith the conse<iuent sAvelling and AA’arping.- 
It .should be planed on one side at least, and for 
best results should be either ship-lapped or matched. 
WINTER WORK. —Although Summer is the best 
time for concrete con.struction the Avork can be car¬ 
ried on in cold Aveather by heating the ingredients 
and protecting the concrete Avhen ixlaced Avith a 
covering of straw, canvas, building jxaper or some 
similar material. If the AA’ork can be inclo.sed a 
stove can be set up and sutficient fire kept going to 
prevent the concrete from freezing. The gravel and 
sand may be heated by digging a trench and laying 
some pieces of scrap iron across to support a sheet- 
iron top. On this top the material is piled, Avhile 
a fire built beneath it in the ti-ench keeps it Avarm. 
.\n old boiler shell or .similar arrangement is some¬ 
times used on the top of the ground for the same 
jAurpose. 
PREPARING THE CONCRETll.—A I :2y2 :5 mix¬ 
ture makes a satisfactory one for Avail construction; 
one part of cement, 2% parts sand and fiA’e parts 
stone. -\s a bag of cement contains ixractically one 
cubic foot, a bottomless box having a capacity of 
21/^ cubic feet can be made to measure the sand and 
stone in—once full for the sand and tAA’ice for the 
stone. A box 20x20x10% in. deep, inside measure¬ 
ments, AA’ill hold ]iractically this amount. If bank- 
run graA’el is used the sand is omitted and a mix¬ 
ture made up of one part cement to five parts 
gravel. This should be thoroughly mixed dry be¬ 
fore adding the Avater. Bank-run gravel frequently 
contains an excess of sand, and it is usually best 
to run it OA'er a screen of %-in. mesh, using the 
material that passes through the screen for sand, 
and that* too coarse to go through it as stone, re¬ 
combining them in the proper proportions. A good 
gravel Avill frequently make a denser and stronger 
concrete than crushed stone, as the jxarticles are so 
graded in size that there is a .smaller percentage 
of voids left to be filled with the cement. 
FILLING FORMS.—Filling the forms can be 
hastened if a board is left out part Avay up, mak¬ 
ing an opening into Avhich the concrete may be 
shoveled, replacing the board when the concrete 
reaches the opening. When the top is roxched a 
mixture should be made up containing no stone, so 
that it may be worked under the sills. Spading and 
tamping should be carried on all the time while 
the concrete is being placed, making it settle as com¬ 
pactly as possible in the forms. A board dressed 
U/io 1. U RAL. 14 EW-YO R K E R 
down thin like a barrel stave may be used''to push 
down betAveen the fresh concrete and the form; this 
crowds the stones back and lets the cement mortar 
come to the surface, giving a better finish to the 
wall. The load carried by a wall of this kind is a 
compressive one, and as concrete is very strong to 
resist compressive stresses x*einforcement will not be 
x’eqixix’ed xxnless thei'e Jii’e windoAvs or other openings 
that do not reach to the top of the wall. In this 
case a fcAv pieces of old wagon tire straightened 
out, or some sixuilar matexfial should be laid over 
Ihe AvindoAv, a fcAv inches alxove the opening, and 
long enoixgb to extend about IS inches beyond it on 
each side. If the ends are bent the construction is 
all the stronger. 
MATERIAL REQUIRED.—The Portland Gexnent 
As.sociation states that when using a propei-ly ju’o- 
OA'S Af£rfiO£> Of £UPPOffr/NG eu/i.&/NG 
Raising Building for Cement Foundation. Fig. 83" 
portioxicd gi-UA-el. one containing about twice as 
much stone above Vi-inch in size as it has sand, a 
bag of cement AVben mixed Avith live cubic feet of 
gi’avel Avill make 5.4 cubic feet of raxnmed concrete. 
This aiixount Avill vary soixiOAVliat of coux’se Avith the 
cluii’acter of the aggregate used, r but Avill give a 
clo.se appx’oximation of the amount of'matei’ial re¬ 
quired. The Avail, as outlined by E. M. B., ixxcbidixig 
a footing tAvo feet Avide by six indies deep, and dis- 
regai’ding openings aiid the doublin'” at coi’iiei’s, Avill 
coxitstin H.S4 cubic feet if made one foot in thickness. 
As each bag of cement Avill xnake about 5.4 cubic 
feet of concrete a littl^noi’e thaix 71 bags of cement 
Avill px’obably be i*e(]ixired for the job. When using 
a one to five mixture five times as xnixch gravel Avill 
be required as cement, or appi’oximately .3.55 cubic 
feet, making a little more than 1.3 cubic yax’ds or 
loads of gravel. Throughout the Avork it must be re¬ 
membered that concrete is rigid Avhen once it sets, 
and to obtain a tx’ue Avail the forms must be placed 
exactly whex’e Avanted, and securely braced, so they 
Avill rexnain there. 3’here is no xnystery about the 
use of concrete, but cax’e xnust be exercised to .secure 
a good job. I’he vai’ious cement companies adver¬ 
tising in the farm papers publish booklets shoAvixxg 
xnethods of using their products in constxmction and 
repair work about the farm. These may be ob¬ 
tained for the asking, and are well worth studying 
if one is about to undertake work of this kind. A 
po.st card Avill bx’ing them. u. h. s. 
■ 'f' February 16, 1018 
Green Crops for Dairy Feed 
For farm in Madison Co., N, Y., what soiling crops 
Avoixld you suggest, with date of seeding, for dairy of 
40 cows, mostly new milkers, to provide green feed 
from time pastures begin to dry up in Summer, say 
July 15, until silos are tilled in the Fall? My plan is 
to put in Canada peas and oats as early as i)ossible— 
followed by later sowing tAvo weeks later. Then plant 
Evergx-een sweet corn to folloAv last peas and oats. 
There is some Alfalfa on place. Possibly the second 
cutting of this could be used. Millet could be sown, 
but not until after corn planting because of lack of 
time. Wlhat amount of peas and oats per acre, also 
give proportion to sow where fodder is to be dried for 
hay? Would you .suggest other varieties than Ever¬ 
green for corn, or other crops? L. M. H. 
NeAv ■fork. 
ATS and peas are probably the best crop for 
early soilixig in this section. The first crop 
should be soAvn just as soon as the ground can be 
Avorked, and I like to sow the peas broadcast and 
ploAv them in lightly, say about four inches. Of 
course this should be done on ground which raised 
a cx'op like coxtx or ix)tatoes last year. In fact, the 
soiling crop ought to be on old ground, for oats do 
x)ot do well on greensward, 
I Avould bx’oadcast one bushel of Canada peas to 
the acx’e, and after ploAving axid harx’OAving, Avoxxld 
SOAV tAA’o bushels of oats AA’ith the dx-ill. It takes the 
peas a little longer to germinate than it does the 
oats, so, by this method, they AA’ill coixie xxp together. 
Then the jieas do better by being planted deeper 
thaxi it AA’ill do to plant the oats, so one is pretty 
sure of getting a better croj) than he would if the 
oats and peas AA-ex-e mixed and dx’illed together. Do 
xiot folloAv the second crop too soon xifter the first. 
Seeds don’t sprout so quickly early in the Spring, 
and if one is not careful, hi.s .second sOAvlug will be 
ready to feed about as sooxi as the first. 
Perhaps .some Avill criticise me for rocoxxi men ding 
tliree bushels of .seed to the acre, but I like a rather 
heavy seeding so that the stalks Avill be fine. A big 
I’auk groAvth of oats and peas makes a lot of feed, 
but I have never been able to get my coavs to eat 
enough of the coarse stuff to xnake thexn increase 
in luilk. -For later .soiling, I Avoxxld recommend bar¬ 
ley and peas, but it is even nioi’e essential that these 
late peas be jxloAved in than the eax’ly ones, because 
the gx’ound Avill be driex-, and .shalloAV planted peas 
AA’ill not gi’oAV nearly as AA’ell. 
PexA^onally, I am not much of a friend of millet. 
If ‘the stiiil gx’OAA’s fine, there will not be enough of 
it. If it gi’OAvs coax’se, the coaa’s Avou’t eat it. Please 
I’exnember that I axn talking about feeding coavs to 
make them give a good fiOAV of milk. Cows AA’ill eat 
alxnost anything if starved into it, and people often 
tell xne that their coavs eat big coar.se millet readily. 
3’he^^ Evei-gi’een sAveet corn is all i-ight for Fall 
feeding^ until silo-filling time. And speaking of sllo.s, 
Avhy not put in a feAv extra aci’es of corn for the 
, .silo, and'put up a .sxnall oxxe for Suxnmer feeding? 
I think that this is the best method of furni.shixxg 
supplexnentax’j’ feed for the coaa’s in Sumxuer. In 
this AA’ay, the feed is ready just the day you AV’ant it, 
no guessing on Avheu to soav the crop to be fed at 
such a time. If the pastux’e remains gx’een a little 
longex*, the silo Avill Avait and not get too ripe, like 
the oats and peas. Aside fi’om the matter of con- 
A’eniexxce, the silo is by far the more econoxnical. 
% 
One can i-aise a much gx’eater Aveight of corn per 
acre than he can of other soiling crops, and silage 
that has a good percentxxge of grain in it will pro¬ 
duce more milk than any other soilixxg cx’op that I 
am acquainted AA’ith. The silo is also ahead so far 
as Avork is concerned, for it is a great deal more 
tx’ouble to take a team to the field and cut a jag of 
stuff for the coavs, than it is to feed them from the 
silo. 
3'he second crop Alfalfa is fixie to feed the coavs 
green, but it is also fine to feed them in the Winter 
Avhen milk is the highest. I belieA’e that I woxxld 
keep that second cutting to coax along the fi’esh 
COAVS in the Winter and early Spring. I would soav 
the oats and peas just the same way for hay that I 
would for .soiling. J. gkant morse. 
New England Corn 
T he NeAv England States lead the country in yield 
per acre and acre value, but of coxxrse the total 
yield is small and much Westei’n corn is imported. 
Much of this sixperlox’ity in yield is due to the local 
vax’ieties, Avhich have been selected thi'oixgh many 
years and Avhich ai-e so aa’cII suited to the climate axid 
.soil. With the uici’oased u.se of Soy beans and cover 
crops and limestone thei-e is no good reasoxx why the 
Ncav England corn crop .<hould not be greatly in- 
crea.sed. Years ago the pi'iee ot Western corn Avent 
.so loAA’ that Eastern farmei’s began to abandon th<‘ 
crop. With present prices and future px’ospects corn 
ought to proA’e profitalde oxxce more. 
