Oic RURAL NEW-YORKER 
283 
Western New York Horticultural Society 
I’ART II. 
Prof. (I. W. Cavanau};h. (’homist 
at tho (’orncll Uuiver.sity, on “The 
Fertilizer Situation During the War.” 
said: ‘‘W(^ must not lose sight 
of the fact 'that our present problem 
is a question of the supply of these two 
constituents, potash and phosphorous, 
and that the quantity furnished through 
commercial sources, as in fertilizers, is 
not the main source for the production of 
crops. The phosphoric acid and potash 
that went into last season’s wheat crop 
were not all purchased in the form of fer¬ 
tilizers. Our principal source of these 
constituents is in the soil itself. The 
using of fertilizers is in realit.y the mak¬ 
ing of very small additions to the soil’s 
supply. 
“In order to have some concrete evi¬ 
dence on this point, I secured through 
the county agents of Wayne, Monroe, 
Orleans and Erie Counties, some sami)les 
of soil taken from farms of well-known 
orchardists. These samples were anal¬ 
yzed for their total potash content. The 
average weight of .soil per acre to the 
depth of eight inches, approximates 
2.()()0.0()0 j)ounds. 
“The average quantity of phosphoric 
acid i)er acre, ranges from 2,000 to 4.000 
pounds and is seldom above the latter. 
It will be seen, therefore, that the rela- 
ti\’e (piantities of these two constituents 
on hand and in about the proportion of S 
to 10 times as much potash ns phosphoric 
acid. These figures only tend to confirm 
what has been known to those aviio have* 
w,T,tched fertilizer experiments luimely, 
that for New York State soils, an ad<‘- 
quate supply of phosphoric acid is of 
greater importance than a commercial 
supjdy of potash. 
“The .source of phosphoric a<dd is with¬ 
in the boundaries of our own country and 
to make it commercially and agricultur- 
,ally available, three things are essential. 
First, the mining of the rock phosphate; 
2nd., the production of sulj)huric acid; ■ 
and .‘id. adequate transportation facilities, i 
I have no information concerning the! 
present status of the mining of the rock. 
In the manufacture of sulphuric acid be-’ 
fore the war, this country imported from 
Spain about 1.2o0.000 tons of pyrites. 
Pyrites is a mineral consisting of iron 
and sulphur which is used as a source of 
sul|duir in the making of sulphuric acid. ; 
Owing t(» well-known difficulties in the.; 
ocean-carrying trade, this supply from ! 
H|)ain is to all intents and purposes cut 
off. There seems to be a greater need for 
ships for other purposes. In addition to) 
this, it is learned that the Government 
will re(iuire 1,000,000 tons of sulidiurie 
a< id during the year lOlS, to carry out i 
its i)rogrnm. All this points, it seems to 
me, to an inevitable increase in the cost 
of phosphoric acid. j 
“The only solution I see to the problem 
is that of getting back to fundamental 
principles and putting these into i)ra(‘- 
tice most thoroughly. We have an .ample 
saipply of potash in most of our .soils. 
.Vll our soils are undoubtedly benefited 
by the application of phosj)liates. The 
phosphate and phosphoric acid which are 
in the soils or which may be added 
thereto, will be rendered available prac¬ 
tically in proportion to the quantity of; 
decayable vegetable mutter or humus in : 
the soil. Owing to the high cost of nitro-1 
gen, we must endeavor more than ever to ; 
secure our nitrogen throtigh leguminous i 
cover crops. For this end, we must keep | 
constantly in mind the nece.ssity of keep- J 
ing a soil neutral or slightly alkaline by \ 
applications of lime or limestones. Never 
in the Agricultural history of America 
has there been the need of conserving for 
the use in the soil every bit of deca”able 
animal or vegetable refuse, particularly 
stable manures. Where this material is 
being jyroduced in quantity, it seems that 
advantage oiight certainly to be taken of 
the fiict that where fiue giaaind raw rock 
phosphate is mixed with this material, in j 
small amounts, the decay of the manure 
t<‘nds to make the phosphate more avail-' 
able. 
“Our conclusions then seem to be. first. I 
the use of decaying humus to secure 
potash from the soil; second, no restric¬ 
tion in the use of acid phosphate and 
also the use of raw rock phosphate in 
connection with manures; and third, in¬ 
creased effort through lime and legumes 
to secure the necessary nitrogen.” 
(>. M. Taylor, foreman of Horticulture, 
New Y^ork Experiment Station, on 
“(yrowing Small Fruits in War Time” 
said : “Just how much attention .should 
be given at the present time to the ex¬ 
tensive planting of small fruits is a dif¬ 
ficult problem. With war conditions all 
elfort must be centered on the task of 
feeding our allies as well as ourselves 
with the necessities of life. Fruits in 
reasonable amounts are necessities, and 
are so considered by our country food ad-, 
ministratoi-s. and that they have their 
proper place. We need to maintain fruit 
plantations and give them the best care 
economically practicable, always remem- I 
bering that the labor situation must 
govern to a large extent various culturali 
operations, and the greatest simplifica- 
of methods should be used.” 
Quick Plowing and Deep Cultivation Mean Bigger 
Crops for Uncle Sam and More Pfdfits for You 
w 
filled^ 
N OW—more than ever before—you must work 
quickly and well. Farm and firing line must 
fight together. 
America’s acres must yield more than ever before. 
But the task of stimulating production is hedged about 
by difficulty. 
Munition plants and factories have steadily drained 
labor from the fields. The new regulations place 
unskilled farm hands in the 
first draft class. Over a 
million horses already have 
been shipped abroad and 
the needs of our own army are yet to be 
You must replace muscle with machine. 
The Cleveland Tractor will plow 3>Vz miles an 
fiour«—8 to 10 acres a day. That equals the work 
of three good 3-horse teams and 3 men. 
This same time-saving speed, so profitable in plow¬ 
ing, is of equal advantage in harvesting, mowing, 
discing, spreading manure and other hauling work. 
The Cleveland not only conserves time and labor 
but it does better, cheaper work. 
Traveling on its own tracks, this sturdy little ma¬ 
chine will go practically anywhere-—even through 
ditches or gumbo, sand and gravel. 
It will not pack the soil, nor mire, slip or flounder. 
Cleveland Tractor 
It weighs less than 3200 pounds and has 600 square 
inches of continuous traction surface. 
Although small enough for work in orchards and 
among small fruit trees, the Cleveland develops full 
12 h. p. at the drawbar for hauling. 
At .the pulley belt it gives 20 h. p.—plenty for 
stationary work such as shelling corn, cutting ensilage, 
filling silos, pumping, and many other uses on the farm 
where power is needed. 
Rollin H. White, the fa¬ 
mous motor truck engineer, 
designed the Cleveland 
Tractor. He uses only the best materials. Gears are 
the same quality as those of the finest trucks and are 
protected by dirt proof, dust proof cases. 
Mr. White has so constructed the Cleveland that it 
steers by the power of its engine. 
It will turn in a 12-foot circle. And can be 
housed in less space than it takes for a horse. 
Put yourself in a position to produce the record 
crops called for by Uncle Sam—and incidentally to 
make more money for yourself. 
Write to us today for complete information on the 
Cleveland Tractor and the name of the 
Cleveland dealer. 
Address Dept. L 
nearest 
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tion 
He said from 14 reports from II coun¬ 
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was marked uniformity in relative high 
prme.s obtained, and also the increasing 
ditheulty in securing labor, both for cul- 
■fural operations and harvesting tlie crops, 
fn spite of these obstacles, there is a 
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