324 
"Uhe RURAL NEW-YORKER 
March 2, lOlS 
Belter Applcs - 
More Money 
Worms and caterpillars — bad as they are — are not 
the cause of all poor fruit. 
Apple scab, blotch, sooty fungus, bitter rot and cedar 
rust, attack the fruit and cause damage running into millions 
of dollars every year. You spray to kill the worms. How 
about the diseases? 
You can protect fruit from worms and disease by spra)’- 
ing with Pyrox. One preparation docs both. 
It does more. Pyrox by invigorating the foliage, causes 
the fruit to hang on longer, so that it takes on size, finish 
and quality — what the market wants and will pay for. If 
you want the best price you must grow the kind of fruit 
the market demands. 
. V. ■- 
"Fills the Barrel with the Apples that Used to Go on Top” 
“With 50 cents worth of Pyrox we got $22.50 worth of 
fruit where we grew only $2.90 worth before using it,” 
writes a Pennsylvania grower. “From one orchard I used 
to sell about $1500 worth a year. The year I began to use 
Pyrox my sales went up to $5400. Can I afford NOT to 
use it?” said a fruit grower at a N. Y. State fruit growers’ 
meeting. 
Fifteen more Perfect Apples on the Tree will Pay for all the Pyrox Needed 
Send for the new Pyrox Crop Book. You will be interested in the 
spraying methods used by practical growers in getting profitable crops. 
If apples are your specialty, you will want to read the experience of 
representative growers who use Pyrox and make apples pay. This book 
also contains spraying hints on many fruits and vegetables. 
Bowker Insecticide Company 
43A Chatham St., Boston 1012 Fidelity Bldg., Baltimore 
RHODES DOUBLE CUT 
_ RHODES MFC. C . . . 
529 So. Division Ave., Grand Rapids, Michigan 
'"I'riE only 
*. pruner 
made that cuts 
from both sides of 
the limb and does not 
bruise the bark. Made in 
all styles and sizes. All 
shears delivered free 
to your door. 
Write for 
circular and 
prices. 
The Threshing Problem 
O 1 1 Threshes cowpeas and soy beans 
from the mown vines, wheat, oats, 
barley. A perfect combina¬ 
tion machine. Nothing like it. "The machine 1 
have been looking for for 20 years." W. K. Massey. 
"It will meet every demand." H. A. Morgan, Di¬ 
rector Tenn. Exp. Station. Booklet 29 free. 
ROGER PEA & BEAN THRESHER CO.. 
Morristown, Tenn. 
Delivered prices quoted on 
request. 
THE E. BIGLOW CO., New London, 0. 
Fertilizers Pay Better Than Ever 
T oday a bushel of corn or wheat buys more fertilizer 
(potash excepted, of course) than at any time during 
the past three years. Note how much cheaper you can 
buy a 2-10 fertilizer now than before the war., 
In 1914 
would buy 
Today 
will buy 
In terms of farm products, fertilizers cost less today than in 1914. 
Fertilizers paid you then —they will pay you better novo. 
Fertilizers are today more profitable and more necessary to efficient 
production than before the war. Boost crop production, grow more 
per acre and increase your profits by using fertilizer. 
Help both the railroads and yourself by ordering Spring Fertilizers 
NOW. 
Send for literature to Department 19 
Soil Improvement Committee 
of the National Fertilizer Association 
Postal Telegraph Bldg., Chicago The Munsey Bldg., Baltimore 
The High Cost of Spraying 
Part I. 
Effective Nozzi.es.—W e had used 
spray nozzles of the “disk” type for 5 'ears 
and had come ro think that no other noz¬ 
zle would do the work on apple trees, 
fine .season, for some reason that I do not 
lemember just now, I tried a triple ver- 
morel. and was surprised at the amount 
of .spray material that it discharged and 
the evenness with which it distributed it 
over the tree. We could spray a tree 
with that sort of nozzle in a fraction of 
the time required for the same Avork with 
the disk nozzle. The only question was as‘ 
to the relative effectiveness of the two 
types of nozzle in controlling the various 
pests in the orchard, and this question 
could only be answered at the haiwest 
time. That year we used the big triple 
vermorel nozzles on several different 
block,s, in .spite of the fact that many 
experiment station workers claimed that 
a disk nozzle was required if the codling 
moth Avas to be controlled. AYhen Ave 
harvested the fruit in the Fall Ave found 
that in the Jonathan block Ave had one- 
tAventi'Cth of one jjer cent Avormy apples. 
We figured the percentages that close be¬ 
cause all of our apples were packed in 
boxes, and Ave had carefully kept track 
of cA’cry Avormy api)le found. That Avas 
the figure by actual count. None of these 
apples shoAved any scab injury. In the 
Winesap block Ave did not find a single 
AAmrmy apple and only a verj' fcAV Avith 
minute .scab spots. (The A\ inesap Avith 
us ii A’ery subject to .s<‘ab if unsprayed.) 
In the Ben Davis block Ave had nearly 
half of one per cent of Avormy fruit, but 
no scab or blotch. In a neighboring or¬ 
chard, sprayed Avith disk nozzlc.s, some 
of the trees had a.s much as 2.5 per cent 
of woi'iny apples. Of course, this great 
difference Avas not due entirely to the 
type of nozzle; in fact, the figures Avould 
probably have been nearly the same in 
both orchards even if Ave had traded noz¬ 
zles. I simphy give these figiii'cs to .shoAV 
that the triple vermorel nozzle Avill con¬ 
trol all of the apple pe.sts, and that it 
Avill enable the man handling the spray 
r(Kl to do more AVork in less time than 
he can do Avith any other type of noz- 
Kle. 
Testing the Nozzi.es.— In order fur¬ 
ther to convince myself and to make plain 
to others that the triple vermorel Avas the 
best nozzle for afiple Avork, I made a sim¬ 
ple machine by Avhich I could tost any 
sort of nozzle and tell just how much ma¬ 
terial it discharged in a given time, and 
just how it distributed that material. 
This machine, or contrivance, consisted 
of a long panel of heavy cardboard made 
to slide up and doAvn, and Avith a slot cut 
in the center of it from side to side. A 
sheet of black paper Avas tacked on the 
Avail back of the panel and it Avas ])ulled 
up so that the loAver end of the i)anel 
covered the sheet of paper. At a fixed 
distance from the panel I jtlaced the noz¬ 
zle to be tested and connected the hose 
from a power sprayer. In the spray tank 
we had a thin AvliitoAvash. We then 
opened the cut-off and directed a sjjray at 
the panel, released it, and the slot slid 
past the sheet of black paper. In this 
Avay each portion of the black paper Avas 
unifoi'inly exposed to the spray tor a 
small fraction of a second, and Ave .secured 
a “pattern” shoAving just hoAV the uozzle 
distributed the dope. With this outfit we 
have tested a large number of nozzles of 
all sorts, and every disk nozzle that has 
been tided has shown that it throws its 
material in the form of a holloAV cone, 
Avhile the triple A'ormorel thi'ows an al¬ 
most uniformly solid cone. We must re¬ 
member that spraying is essentially a 
painting process, and the nozzle is our 
brush. If our brush does not distribute 
the “paint” evenly, then we have to go 
oA'er the AVork time and again in order 
to secure a fini.shcd surface, Avhile if the 
brush distributes an even, smooth layer, 
one “sAvipe” Avill cover the surface to 
which it is applied. 
Relative Distribution of Spray.— 
The accompanying pictures Avill show 
some of the patterns from typical nozzles. 
The Bordeaux nozzle, it Avill be seen, 
throws its material in a rather solid, flat, 
fan shape. I understand that this type 
of nozzle is in favor in certain sections, 
but personally I never could get results 
Avith it and it is wasteful of material. 
Another illustration will show the rela¬ 
tive auKtuiit of material passing through 
different types of nozzles in a given space 
of time. One more good feature about the 
vermorel nozzle is that it is not patented 
or controlled by any one firm. A num¬ 
ber of firms make the same sort of noz¬ 
zle. Its only bad feature is that, owing 
Work of the Vermorel No 2 :zle 
to its form of construction, it is liable to 
become caught in the branches of the 
trees. The really careful sprayer, Iioav- 
ever, Avill have little trouble in this re¬ 
spect. At any rate, the nozzle is so much 
more effective than any other that I Ijave 
tried that I feel this is a very slight ob¬ 
jection to it. 
The Wuater Supi’ly.—T he location of 
the Avater supply has a great deal to do 
Avith the co.st of spraying in any orchard. 
There should be an abundance of Avater 
Spray Pattern of Bordeaux Nozzle 
conveniently located, .so that no time may 
be lost in filling the siiray tanks. At one 
time Avhen our orchards Avere small, aud 
had not staided to bear, I leased a num¬ 
ber of old orchards withiu a radius of a 
mile or tAvo. At that time I did not 
knoAV the value o-f a convenient Avater sup¬ 
ply, and as a result iu every case Ave had 
to haul water from the foot of a high hill 
to the top, Avhere the orchard Avas located. 
The cost of hauling the water up these 
hills Avas as great as was the entiia* <'o.st 
Spray Pattern of Disk Nozzle 
of a))plying spray to the tn'o.s, thus 
doubling our total si)raying cost. In (tur 
own orchards avc have installed a heavy 
pump and engine to force Avater to the 
tops of the hills. In this Avay the spray 
tanks are all filled at or near the top of 
the orchard, and as a result the teams 
have a downhill haul—Avhich means an 
actual saving in dollars aud cents, besides 
saving a lot of time at a busy seasou of 
the year. 
Use Enough Arsenate.— I have inti¬ 
mated before that it Avould be poor econ¬ 
omy to try to save on the co.st of spraying 
by using poor or not enough materials. 
