325 
7She RURAL NEW-YORKER 
In my own work I have always been in¬ 
clined to use just a little more arsenate 
of lead in our apple sprays than is sup¬ 
posed to be needed. The increase in cost 
is slight, while the increase in results 
may be considerable. The spraying season 
at best is very short. The work must be 
done on time if it is to be done at all, 
and as a result time becomes far more 
valuable than material. \Vith this thought 
in mind I have tried to save time at the 
spraying season in every way • that I 
cotild, and one of my methods will prob¬ 
ably l)e new to most orchardists and some 
of them will be inclined to doubt its 
feasibility. 
Mixing Bordeaux. —For a long time 
we had been teaching that the proper way 
to make a good Bordeaux mixture was to 
make a dilute solution of copper sulphate 
and a dilute solution of lime and to mix 
the two; never to mix the lime and cop¬ 
per when in a concentrated solution. This 
method makes a nice Bord(‘aiix mixture, 
but it is expensive in that it requires 
special dilution tanks, and it requires a 
good deal of time on the part of the spray 
pies. Spraying such a wet season is use¬ 
less. and besides there are thousands of 
natural fruit trees which are breeding 
places. It is a serious menace, and is 
annually increasing. F. c. c. 
Bridgton, Me. 
There is a parasite on the curculio egg. 
but this is not very common, and does 
not play an im|)ortant role in keeping 
tlie pt'st in check. Curculios thrive in 
neglected, overgrown, unpruned and un¬ 
cultivated orchards surrounded by stone 
walls or neglected hedges, and situated 
near pieces of woodland. The first step 
towards their control consists in cor¬ 
recting as far as possible all these con- 
ditioKS at variance with the best horti¬ 
cultural practice. Ilibm-nating sheltei’ 
.sJjould be reduced to a minimum by the 
removal of all stone walls and stone i)iles, 
by the cleaning up of overgrown hedges 
and fences and by the destruction of all 
trash under whkdi the beetles might find 
shelter. The trees should be properly 
pruned to admit the sun, for curculios 
are shy creatures, preferring the deep 
sh.idi' for their work. 
Frequent and thorough, though shal- 
Showing the amount of solution discharged by various nozzles in a given space of time under a uniform 
pressure of 200 pounds. A Disk, B Triple Vermorel, C Blizzard, D Bordeaux, E Vapo, F 
Binks Aluminum, G Paragon 
crew every timi> they fill up their machine. 
I decided that I would use only one dilute 
solution, and that one which could be 
made quickly, and then to mix the other 
concentrated solution with the dilute so¬ 
lution so rapidly that it would never 
know what happened to it. This is the 
way we worked it out. In one of our 
large overhead tanks in our chemical 
hou.se we iirejjared a stock solution of cop¬ 
per sulphate in which one gallon of solu¬ 
tion rcprosent'‘d one i)Ound of copper. 
When a si)ray machine came in for its 
load we first filled the tank nearly full of 
clear water ; then we started the engine 
and dumped in the required amount of 
air-slaked line'. The paddles of the agi¬ 
tator instantly churned this lime up with 
the water, making a very dilute lime so¬ 
lution. Then, while the engine was still 
running, we opened a discharge pipe in 
the side of the chemical house and allowed 
the rc'quired amount of copper solution to 
run into the spray tank. The result was 
as perfect a Bordeaux mixture as I ever 
saw. We have used this method now for 
two years. I realize that it is against all 
the rules of the game as played by the 
experiment stations and by the best or¬ 
chardists. but in spite of that it really 
works. We make not only a good-looking 
Bordeaux, but one that does control ap¬ 
ple blotch, scab and bitter rot, and that 
sticks to the foliage as well as any spray 
material I ever saw. Without losing any 
of the effectiveness of the spray we save 
hours of time every day. The men are 
using the spray rods during time which 
they would otherwise be spending in “vis¬ 
iting” while the solution was being pre- 
paianl. As time goes on there will, no 
doubt, be many other improvements in 
the methods of spraying whereby the cost 
will be lessened, for, as I have indicated, 
the business of spraying is a new one, 
and, like all new things, it is still crude 
and still offers many opportunities for 
simplification. Only let us remember that 
the improvements and reduction of cost 
must be made without any curtailment 
of efficiency lest our trees get into the 
position of a friend of mine who tried 
for a year to save on his grocery bill and 
at the end of that time was placed under 
the care of a doctor. No, not a nerve 
specialist, either. 
Indiana. renjaaiin w. douolass. 
Curculio in Apples 
Is there a parasite for the curculio? 
The ravages of this insect last year are 
illustrated by the fact that we could only 
get five pies from a bushel of Porter ap- 
low, cultivation during the iieriod that 
the tender and helpless pupiw are in the 
ground, is of great value. If their cells 
are broken open, the inipa* are either 
killed at once or soon fall a i)rey to their 
natural enemies, principally ants and 
beetle larvie. To obtain the best results, 
cultivation sliocld be continued for about 
a month or six weeks after the grubs be¬ 
gin to go into the ground. In the North 
this will be from about -Tuly 10 to Au¬ 
gust 10, while in the l^outh it is st)me- 
what earlier. As most of the pupal cells 
ai'e within an inch or two of the surface, 
the cultivation may be quite shallow, but 
it should be thorough, and care should be 
taken to stir the ground close under the 
trees where most of the pupje lie. Most 
growers in the North do not favor cultiva¬ 
tion in orchards after August 1, but 
where the curculio is abundant, the culti¬ 
vation should be contimuxl as late as 
possible without interfering with the ma¬ 
turing of the wood and fruit. 
Spraying with arsenate of lead, either 
alone or combined with a fungicide, has 
now come to be the favorite method of 
fighting the curculio on most crops. It 
has replaced l‘aris green for this purpose 
because it adheres better, is less liable 
to injure the foliage, and can be com¬ 
bined with lime-sulphur when used as a 
fungicide. 
In spraying apples there is practically 
no danger of injury to the fruit or foliage 
by repeated applications of ar.senate of 
lead. The two sprayings usually given 
for the codling moth, just after the petals 
fall, and three weeks later, are of con¬ 
siderable value in controlling the curculio, 
but where the infestation is severe, addi¬ 
tional applications will be found neces¬ 
sary. The spray often given for the sec¬ 
ond brood of the codling moth nine or ten 
weeks after the petals fall will help to 
control the pest, and in the South it is 
sometimes advisable to repeat the appli¬ 
cation two or three weeks later. To get 
the best results the spraying must be 
done in a vei’y thorough manner, using 
a fine nozzle and high iiressure in order 
to keep the fruit evenly coated with the 
poison. It has been shown by extensive 
experiments in Illinois that where this 
plan is followed and other conditions are 
favorable, the curculio injury may be re¬ 
duced from 20 to 40 per cent. 
In fighting the curculio, reliance should 
not be placed on any one method of at¬ 
tack. Clean farming to reduce available 
Winter shelter, proper pruning to admit 
(Continued on page 329) 
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