326 
“Che RURALNEW-YORKER 
March 2, 1918 
The Picture from Home 
Keep your Kodak busy for the sake of the boys 
“over there.” 
Kodak catalogue, free at your dealer’s or by mail. 
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 
378 State Street Rochester, N. Y. 
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V n HVrCPIVOTAXLE 
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T he original Pivot Axle, a slight foot pres¬ 
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KRAUS PIVOT GANG. Can be equipped with 
The Akron Fertilizer Distributor 
The greatest improvement in 
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nuSYStm Power Sprayers’* 
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This Spray Outfit Or.ly ^180 
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!• CONSOUDATEO GAS ENGINE CO.. 202 FuNsn Street, New York City 
Training the Young Trees- 
Large Trees. —So much has lieoii said 
on this subject that it would seem to have 
been discussed enough, but the writer be¬ 
lieves that there is one side of it which 
can profitably be mentioned again. This 
part is especially important in the North¬ 
east. Where an apple tree 10 or 1.1 feet 
in spread of branches is a very large tree 
it makes little difference how it is Hhajicd 
■so far as strength is concerned. In this 
region where we may have ti-t'os with 
limbs .30 feet long and he.aring two or three 
hundred pounds or more of fruit at short 
intervals, it is very imiiortant to have the 
strength of the wood uscul as fully as pos¬ 
sible. Most of the writers on the t.ain- 
ing of apple trees seem to have t.-ikmi as 
Sutton Beauty June 25,1916 
their text the experience of the North¬ 
western growers, and to have overlooked 
this vital difference. 
Old STYT.E Training. —The metluxl of 
training apple trees seen.in old orchards 
was simply to keep the limbs off until a 
height suiting the owner’s fancy was 
reached and tnen leave them alone except 
for an occasional “cleaning out” of the 
center of the tree, 'I'his gave a free of 
the most natural shape, gently rounded, 
with a rind of fruiting surface, three or 
four feet thick over all. Such a tree will 
bear maximum crops with a very small 
amount of care. Where such trees were 
planted far enough ajiart or where they 
have been thinmsl out oi- liave died out 
they are still b(>ariug great crojis and, if 
carefully sprayed, crops of liigh value. 
Where these tree's were iilaiiteel too 
closely and not thinned out the lower 
branches have dic'd off and tlu* tiual re¬ 
sult in many cases is a horizontal layer 
of bearing surface three or four feet thick 
over the whole orchard. In some cases 
this is as much as 40 fee't from the 
ground. 
’JhiE Low IIkad.—AV hen the boom in 
apple growing in the Northwest came 
along it was found that there the trees 
Showing Difference Between Splittinc 
Breaking of Branch 
did much better if the limbs were .stai'teid 
near enough tlie, gi’ouud to shade the 
trunk at all times. Many writers at 
once began to urge that this was the 
best method for all regions, and were 
•followed by the nurserymen, who saw 
great flocks of dollars in it. If one is 
to start a tree branching from the ground 
the best size to plant is a tree that has 
but one season’s growth from the ground 
up. If the nurseries could sell trees of 
this size as readily as tho.se that had 
grown two or three years in the nur¬ 
sery, and could stimulate the demand, 
so that they could charge about as much 
for the small ones as for the large 
ones, the profits would be increased. 
They were aided in this by the fact that 
it would be many years before the faults 
of this system would cause whole or¬ 
chards to fail, .and also by the fact that 
such a system is or has been successful 
in the Northv.’est, where the whole treat¬ 
ment of the apple from jilanting to har¬ 
vest is highly artificial. Thi.s artificial 
condifion is greatly exaggerated in the 
“vase-form’’ tree which evi'ii tin* theore¬ 
tical writers are now beginning to class 
as too weak for jiermanonce. 
Heading (Ie’I'.—A t this point it may 
be w'ell to ston to considt'r what i.s really 
UH'ant h.\ ‘•h''a(ling out” a tree. The 
illustration at flK' left show.s a tree 
which was headed out about three freet 
••oiu tlu' ground. ’The jiresent owners 
cut off the low('r limbs, changing the 
parts of tlie tiee as Iiigh as the girl’s 
head surely to the <-]iaracter of trunks, 
while foi' at le.'ist two feet higher they 
h.ave more the chara(-ter of trunks than 
of 'branches. lleally, at jiresent, this 
tree is lu-adt'd .iliout si'Vi'u feet high, but 
the trunk for the ujiiier four feet is di¬ 
vided into j)arts whicli do not increase its 
strenglli, ;iu<I do make' it liarder to cul¬ 
tivate iieai' th(^ tr('('. Probably at least 
three-lourths of the “low-headed” or¬ 
chards about lu're are of this t.vpe, and 
\yould he much better ti'ees and likely to 
live longer if a single trunk were keiit, 
up to a height of eight feet or more. 
Peasons for Low Heading. —The ad¬ 
vantages claimed for low heading are: 
Protection of the trunk from suiiscald; 
early fruiting; ease of picking and h'ss 
height of full-grown tree. The lirst is 
valid in regions of small rainfall and in¬ 
tense sunshine hut has no weight here. 
'Che second has weight only when small 
trees ar(‘ jilauti'd. ’Fhe third has weight 
oiiljy before' the? (rt'cs couk' into heav'y 
be'ariiig. 'I’lie fourth is not borne out 
by actual measurements. A fifth point 
is little urged, pt'rhaits Ix'cause it does 
not appear in the oi-<linary tyjie of “low 
heading.” 'riiis is less loss of fruit from 
high winds. Wlu'ns several feet of the 
ends of tlie lower limbs trail on the 
ground.^ and tliese limbs are lirmlj’ 
locked into the* one's above', tlieire can he 
little shaking liy tlie winel. To be sure^ 
this lujike's very gre-at trouble when 
jiie-kiiig time comeis, for it is no easy task 
to get eleiwn on hanels aiiel knees in a 
brush heap and find all the apples. A 
neighlieir has uii eire-harel whiedi was 
originally lie'iide'el enit at. about feiur or 
five feed, hut has mew be*eu alloweel tei 
ceuiie down until it is em the ground. A 
pie-fui'e of somei eef these trees vve>ulel he 
sheiwii. hut at pre'sent the>y are half or 
more' luirieHl in thei sneiw, especially the 
most interesting one's. 
ADVA.\T.\eiE.s eiF High Heading.— 'The 
aelvaiitages of higli !ie*adiug are; lOase 
of cultivation, ease' of control of fungeius 
eiise*ase*, ami the fae-t that with this train¬ 
ing tlie lower limlis are* meire likely tee 
come off at right angles to the central 
trunk. Tim first nes'els ne) argument. Ex- 
perime'iit station workews are agreed that 
it i.s e'asier to cetntre)! fungous diseases 
where the trees can dry off:' promptly 
after a rain. Certainly apple scab and 
sooty blotedi are nuere e'ommou where the* 
branc-he's eef trees e-omee together, etr 
where the limbs hang/ se) close to tlie* 
ground that there* is no edrculation ejf 
air aretund the'm. In the e'use of a tree* 
re'ally low-he*ade*el the lower limbs rest 
een the greuinel meist eif the growing sea¬ 
son, and there is nee po.ssibility of a cir¬ 
culation eif air areuind them. It neteds 
hut little thought to see that a limb 
whie-h e-omes e)Ut at nearly right angles 
to the main trunk is stronger than one 
which makes a narreiw angle. If there 
should be* any elenibt, teike a piece of 
we)od with a branch on it and split small 
liieces eilf it to .see how the fibers run. 
Remember that it is always easier to 
separate the fibers from those that lie be- 
(Continued on jiage ,328) 
