376 
RURAL N E W.-Y O R K E R 
March 9, 191,® 
If you could watch 
havolIne oil 
inside the cylinder 
H you could see the cylinders of your automobile or tractor 
motor cut in half with the piston going, you would see the real 
reason for Havoline Oil. 
You would see a film of oil evenly spread between piston rings and 
cylinder side. You would see the piston moving with the lightning-like 
rapidity of hundreds of strokes per minute. 
You would see heat as high as 3000® at the cylinder head, with the 
walls below at some 400®—heat which the most perfect cooling system 
cov’!-.! r.oi prevowt from ruining your motor were not good oil protecting 
the closeiy fitting steel surfaces. 
It takes an oil like Havoline to maintain this film constantly even and 
indestructible under the wear and great heat in your motor. One little 
break in that protecting oil film would put dry metal against dry metal, 
and friction would quickly get In its deadly work. 
Then, too, that fine film of Havoline between piston and cylinder wall 
acts as a seal to prevent the gases escaping between cylinder wall and 
piston. If these gases should break through they would eat into the oil, 
kill its lubricating quality, and then would begin your motor’s break-down. 
It you could see this you would know that Havoline is the safest oil you 
can give your motor under all conditions. 
Haoollne GreaacM are comfrourtded of Havoline Oil and pure, sweet tallow. 
Your dealer Ifnows the kind of Havoline Oil and Grease for the motor 
and gears of your tractor or passenger car. Ask his advice. 
Snbian Company - - New York 
Jncocporattli 
Producers and R^ners of Petroleum 
havolIne oil 
It Mokes a Difference 
“REECO” SYSTEMS 
FOR CITY AND SUBURBAN USE 
Water supply systems embracing— 
Electric Motor Driven Pumps 
Gasoline and Kerosene Pumpers 
Hot-Air Pumping Engines 
Gasoline and Kerosene Engines for Power 
Electric Lighting Plants 
Wood Sawing Outfits 
Tanks, Pneumatic and Gravity 
RIDER-ERICSSON ENGINE COMPANY 
Business Established 1842 
24 MURRAY STREET NEW YORK 
The High Cost of Spraying 
Part II. 
Lkssexino Ivxpk.nse. —SprayiiiR, to 
tlie fruit srowor, is a Rood deal liko oat- 
iuR—it is iipcpssary and it costs a lot. 
Also, like eatiiiR, it must be done at the 
riRht time and in the riRht way to a<;- 
complish its jnirpose. FT'uit growers have 
been in the habit of eating for a long 
time, and most of them know quite a hit 
about it, for the fine points of the game 
have been handed down from father to 
sou for many generations, and there re¬ 
mains not a great deal to he discovered. 
Unlike eating, however, si)raying is a new 
stunt, one which originated in the pres¬ 
ent generation, and, like most new things, 
it is not yet well understood, and, as a 
result, it is (piite expensive. In fact, it 
is much more exi)ensive than it has any 
real right to he, and the ju-ogressive fi-uit 
grower must try to find the cause of 
the exi)ense and eliminate it if possible. 
'There are many ways in which the cost of 
spraying could he reduced, just as there 
are many ways in which the cost of living 
could be reduced. tt'e <‘onld use less 
spray dojie and eat less food, and f<»r the 
time being we would he money ahead, hut 
in the long run we would have <loctors’ 
hills both for ourselves and for our trees. 
An unsprayed tiee or one which is under¬ 
sprayed will in tiin(! lost* its vigor, just as 
surely as an unft'd or underfed man Avill 
become ill, so that any such reduction of 
expense would not he economy, hut folly. 
Spraying, in orchards, is such a new 
thing, and we have been so delighted 
with the results, that we have entirely 
overlooked the question as to whether or 
not we "were doing the work as cheaply as 
it could he done, and still <lo it w«*ll. 
SiMPLB Changes. —I know that “meth¬ 
ods” are sometimes only another name for 
madness, and that unless we orchardists 
can reduce the cost of some of our or- 
<*hard work we are liable to spend our 
profits b(‘fore we earn them. I have 
found, too, that most of the changes 
which I have made in our spraying pro- 
griim are surprisingly simple; so siitijjle, 
in fact, that unless you should see the re¬ 
sults in the orchard you would be in- 
climsl to believe that they were of little 
acc-ount. 
Hose I nvesj ioations. —One of the 
first things w hich I did to reduce spray¬ 
ing costs was to investigate the various 
makes of spray hose on the market. As 
State Kutomologist of Indiana I had 
been in charge of a number of demon¬ 
stration orchards for some years; in or¬ 
chards in which we pnaluced results re¬ 
gardless of exi)ens(!. We were so tickled 
with getting the good results that Ave side¬ 
stepped the (iuestion of costs. (Many 
exi)eriment stations still Avork on the 
same basis, by the Avay.) In my demon¬ 
stration orchards Ave had used Avhat Ave 
thought was go<Kl hose. In .some cases 
we paid as high as BO cents a foot for it. 
Wie always took good care of our appar¬ 
atus, but, try as we would, Ave newer had 
a piece of hose that Avas fit for use the 
second season. In a commercial orchard 
using nOO feet of hose that item of ex¬ 
pense Avould be considerable if it Avas to 
become an annual fixture, so I decided to 
find a brand of hose tliat Avould stand 
rough Avork and hold high pj’ossure and 
not go to pieces I found it. I bought 
r»00 feet of hose in the Winter of 1011-lli 
and used it every season until the Spring 
of 191(J. It Avas good, heavy, honestly 
made ho.se. It had a heavy rubber lining 
and in the walls Avere vulcanized seven 
layers of tough fabric—not tubular avov- 
en fabric, hiit spiral sheets overlapping 
one another. We used that ho.se over 
the very roughest kind of orchard laud, 
and Avhen Ave finally discarded it the 
outside rubber covering Avas entirely worn 
off, giving it the appearance of being cot¬ 
ton garden hose. In the Spring of 191(5 
we ordered more of the same sort of 
hose from the same company, and Avhen 
it arrived we Avere surprised to find it 
decide<lly lighter than the old hose. We 
at once put it under pressure and prompt¬ 
ly blew up one length after another. The 
lot Avas shipped back to the rubber com¬ 
pany, together Avith a sample of our old 
hose, and in a short time we received a 
new shipment of the sort of hose we 
Avanted. Now, I don't know whether the 
rubber company Avas trying to “put one 
over on us” or not, but it Avas enough of 
a hint that it put us on our guard, so 
that now aaTiou we buy iiuy sort of ap¬ 
paratus Ave make it a point to test it 
out thoruughly as soon as it arrives, and 
if i)ossible bc'fore it has been paid for. 
Such little precautions all helii to re¬ 
duce the high cost of spraying. 
Defective Api>lianc’E.s. —All that I 
have said about hose Avill apply directly 
to any sort of horticulaural sup|)lie8. .\ 
cheap spray machine is about the most 
expensiA'e thing a man can have on the 
place. I knoAv, because I bought one once. 
That Avas four years ago, and every year 
Ave have work<‘d it over and tried to make 
a going concern out of it, but it simply 
Avou’t Avol’k. It has made tAvo trips back 
to the f.'ictory, and tA\'o to machine shoi)S 
in the city, boside.s the hours it has .spent 
in our own shop. It is a big, luxurious 
creature, that looks as though it ought to 
be a demon for AVork, but the trouble with 
it is that it av-is built to sell, and it is as 
lazy as an Indian on alIoAvaiu;e daj*. In 
all the time Ave liuA-e had it I do not recall 
a single time Avheu it Avorked steadily for 
half a day at a st.ret<-h. Several times it 
balked too late in the afternoon to allow 
us to transfer its load of spray material 
to another machine, and ns the stuff 
could not be u.;ed after .standing all night, 
it Avas lost. If all the expen.se of that 
(uitfit could be added to its fiivst co.st, it 
Avould make a sum that Avould purchase 
two first-class, reliable spray machines. 
Standakdizei* Kquipment. — Since 
purchasing that sju-ayer Ave have bought 
.several others, not all of the .same kind, 
but all Avith one kind of engine. We 
have standardized the engiiu's on our out¬ 
fits, if not the pumps. It would be still 
better if Ave should standardize the en¬ 
tire spraying eejuipment, and this Ave Avill 
do .‘IS soon as Ave find exactly AA'hat Ave 
Avant in the Avay of a si)ray pump. We 
noAV have several very satisfactory pumi>s, 
and it is a hard matter to dt^cide Avhi<,*h 
is the best. Dy the time that these outfits 
are ready to be replaced Ave hope to have 
a standard rig that Ave can install as our 
regular equiinnent, but, in the meantime, 
Ave have accomplishwl much by the u.se 
of the .same .s-ort of engine, standard ho.se 
counection.s, spray rods, etc. I5y thus 
stiiudardizing the spraying equipment it 
is not necessary to carry in stock a large 
as.sortment of pump and engine part.s, for 
a part that Avill fit on one outfit Avill 
AA’ork on any other outfit, aud no time is 
lo.st during the busy .spraying season. 
Indiana. ue.vjamin w. douoi.ass. 
Pruning Grapes and Red Raspberries 
1. I have a ('oncord grapevine about 
eight years old Avith the tAvo arms run¬ 
ning up the arbor vertically about eight 
feet after leaving the main stalk, Avhich 
is a foot high I found too late that I 
.sltould have juit those arms horizontally, 
Avith the result that all the fruit spurs 
are on the very top, and all six feet of 
arms or stalks is very woody, about one 
inch thick, with no spurs of any ac¬ 
count. If I head back these arms 
Avithin two or three feet of the ground I 
.shall lose the croi), Jilso cause tAvo bad 
Wijunds. \Vould it be better to plant a 
new vine underneath and grub out the 
old vines after Iavo years? 2. How high 
should I let red raspberry canes groAv be¬ 
fore I pinch out the tops so as to throAV 
out latei-als? av. b. 
Woodhaven, N. Y. 
1. I Avould advise that W. D. cut off 
one arm Avithin one foot of main stalk 
noAV, and prune the remaining arm to 
bear fruit on the arbor this year. AIIoav 
only three or four latent buds to groAV on 
tho shortened arm. These can be trained 
in any direction desired, aud will develop 
fruiting wood next year. A year from 
uoAV take off the remaining old arm. 
2. It<Hl raspberries should not be 
pinched back during the Summer, as the 
ncAv laterals Avould have a tendency to 
blossom in the Fall. (Pinching back or 
Summer pruning applies only to the 
blackcap types of raspberides.) All dead 
Avood should be removed early this Spring, 
and living canes cut off at a height of 
2^4 three feet. F. a. o. 
