378 
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G. H. GRIMM ESTATE Rutland. Vt 
N. Y. Federation of Farmers 
(Coiitinupd from page .^74) 
t.Tff.r. I’idicnlo and rnimbs. with an .addi¬ 
tional Koolding thrown in. This daj*, 
addl'd the spojikor, marks tho hoginning 
of the end of this sort of thing. It has 
iM'pn .'10 years coming. Kdneafion is 
mighty, hiit. onr agricultural colleges and 
stntioiis and departments, while doing 
much, have not added greatly to tlie 
wealth of the farmer, and have not. de- 
veloned independent leaders. The leaders 
stand with .a string attached to them. 'I'he 
rural wealth of the eonntry has dwindled 
from r>(; j»er eent HO years ago to .‘>2 jier 
rent now. and the hoys have followed the 
dollars to the eity. It takes three genera¬ 
tions to make a fanner, and when he goes 
to the city great is the loss. AVe have an 
army of committees, commissions, hoards 
and departments to support. It is the 
beginning of an autocracy, and it must ho 
beaten. The Legislature is a nice cliih, 
SO iier eent of it is controlled by big 
business, law.vers and business men. All 
the important farm measures carry riders 
and jokers which nuiko thorn ,a farce. 
Fanners must get on their own hand 
wagon, not by a new party, hut by at¬ 
tending to our own business. We supply 
the steam and we should run our own 
maehine. Fifty fanners will he worth 
more than live thousand millionaires. 
Dean Hailey siioke on the subject of 
the farmer and the w’ur. lie sees the 
foundations, as w'e have known them, 
broken up, and we are in a state of chaos, 
perplexed, the outlook not satisfactory. 
We try expedients, hut none of them is 
the solution. We have the tractor solu¬ 
tion, the labor hurenu, fertili/,er.s fur¬ 
nished, seeds offered and education jiro- 
posed. There is the fanners’ wtir board 
and all sorts of aids, some to jtatroni/.e. 
Tiuhor determines prodnetion, and the 
labor situation is most serious. There 
need be no draft exemptions, hut the right 
distribution of those dnifted is important, 
not drive any hack to the farms, hut 
take them hack, lleloasc labor from the 
non-essentials, hut remember that unwill¬ 
ing labor is poor labor, Tliere shoultl he 
agricultural representation on local 
boards, and willing labor should he as¬ 
signed with a badge of recognition for 
good -service The farmer works alone; 
there is iio discipline and no music, hut 
there should he reward. It is right to 
safeguard the city, hut high jirices should 
not he hhiined on the farinei'. All are 
prone to blame the last man, and finally 
to hliiiiie the earth out of which comes all 
wealth. 'Phere is no other to jmt blame 
tin, for the next man is under the earth, 
and he is a dead man. AVar makes its 
own juice, and it makes chetij) money. 
The jtriee is dejiendent njion sujiidy and 
demand. We should reguhite ojterations, 
safeguard the city, elimiuatt' uniit'cessjio' 
costs of distribution, witliliold sjieculii- 
tiou. and abolish jKiliticiil manipulation. 
! Meddlesome committees may be aholislu'd, 
although there may he need of a milk 
commission to save the dairy situation. 
Production is of more conseiiuence than 
jirice, hut the fiirmer is bewildered by so 
much unnecessary advice and uncertainty. 
He does not know’ wluit he ciin dejiend 
ujion as there seems to he no free mar¬ 
ket. Everybody believes he i.s able to ad¬ 
vise the farmer, and lie makes many de¬ 
mands, hut to quote Dr. Warren, you 
cannot make milk by argument. Farmers 
have been advised to organize, hut now 
organized business is alarmed when they 
organize. The weajKins are turned against 
themselves. They have trouble to keejt 
tlie farmer “where he belongs.’’ We lack 
adequate leadershij) among farmers. 
’Phere is something of a natural' autiig- 
ouism between the consumer and the jiro- 
duccr, hut we are all a part of society, 
and all interested in the future welfan* 
of society. The remedies are not jiolitical, 
and we should he careful in fostering 
class interests. The still small voice^ must 
ju-evail, and the democratic way is de¬ 
liberate. It is not by demandatory action, 
hut by calm reasoning that we wijl sne- 
ct'cd. There is hope for an organization 
like this if it is an exju’ession of the jico- 
jde of the State. There should not he 
antagonism between jtrodiieer and con¬ 
sumer hut co-operation, for that means 
democracy. 
Mr. Durkett urged that farmers he vej)- 
resentatives of farmers-. He assi'rted tliat 
there will he an agrarian jiarty unless 
agricult lire he allowed to sjx'iik for itself. 
It is time for agriculture to control its 
own, tiiid unless it does there is no use 
! telling the hoys' and girls to stay on the 
} farms. There is sufficient leadershij) on 
: file farms now. he thinks, hut it should 
I he aliowed to exjiress itsi'lf. ’Phe Secre- 
I tary of Agriculture should he a real 
I farmer, and .so obviate the jiresent situa- 
I tion. We need to get riil of lietts. and 
till* jiri'scnt ('ouncil of l'’:M’ms tuid Mar¬ 
kets is a misfit. I’ulilic ojiiniou is 
against it. 
'The resolutions ftivored the contin- 
j nance of the law of siijijily and demand. 
The Stilt e Food Commisison and the 
Council of Farms and Markets w’ere both 
regarded as jiolitical and unbusinesslike, 
and tile meeting jnit itself on record as 
ojiposing them in their present form. 'Phe 
projioseil law' to jmt oleomargarine into 
the Stiite institutions was regarded as 
wi’ong and wa.s opjiosed. National suf¬ 
frage was favored at once. The advocacy 
of the use of milk in ahundauce was fa¬ 
vored, and the idea of the Food Adminis¬ 
tration to urge limiting its use w'as re- 
giirded with disLavoi*. H. H. L. 
March 9, 1918 
Disking Soil for Oats 
I have a tractoi*, and w-ant to know 
whetlior I can safely seed to oats wdthout 
plowing the land—just working it with 
the disk before seeding. This would save 
much time if I can get a good stand of 
oats. Is it likely that barley would pay 
hotter than oats with me? .T. s. 
Ferry Co., Fa. 
.T. S. ciiu jirobahly u.se his tractor-disk 
outfit to jircjiare his oat ground to ad¬ 
vantage. Due of my neighbors on good 
lime.stone soil always disks the ground for 
oats insti'iid of jilowing, and his crops arc 
satisfactory. Others claim the ground is 
so much liardor to jdow for the wheat 
eroj) following that it pays to plow for 
oats. 'Phis he emjihaticiilly denies. There 
is no hiirley grown here; have had one 
or two trials with jioor results. TTsually 
wlieii one changes to a new crop he has 
to pay up jiretty well for seed plus freight 
aud tlien face delay and uncertainty of 
getting it at all. Very often the .seed is 
not suited, or for some reason does not 
do well in the new Ineality. While beard¬ 
less barley is esj>eciiilly recommended as 
a nurse croj) for .\lfiilfa instead of oats, 
as a grain <toj) I think T w’ould jirefer 
oats, even if I had seed of both on hand. 
IVhen I was a hoy I went “West” one 
F'juing as far as Illinois, and my first 
job was to take ti two-horse wagon loaded 
with oiits anil fitted with an end-gate 
.seeder and seed the “East 80.” The 
ground was not jueviously jii’epared in 
any way; the “men” followed after with 
the disks, and I finished up with the 
smoothing harrow. 'Phe wdiole thing took 
only a few* days, and the yield was 80 
hu. per acre over the whole 80 acres. 
'J'his ground was very fertile—would 
grow anything. It was loamy, and very 
easily worked wlien in the right condition; 
would blow away in Winter. From this 
I would say to mtike a success of disk- 
‘ing for oats the soil must he suitable and 
must he ttiken when in “good working 
order,” so that the disk actually takes 
hold and makes a good, fine, deej) seed 
bed—the deejier the better. If this can¬ 
not he done by once over, go oftener. If 
you have to go too ofren, jilow. If using 
a single di.ck "laj) luilf’ and your ground 
will ht' left level. 
I do not grow oats at all any more; 
gi’itw jiotatoes and corn for the silo in- 
stt'ad. This corn ground I disk for wlicat. 
and liere is where one tinds out what it 
mi'iins to catch the ground in right condi¬ 
tion for disking. Fight after the corn is 
oft' you can imike ji seed bed in a jiffy— 
a. few days and wind and the old disk 
bounces around scarcely making a mark 
on some of the hard clay knobs. 
I would suggest .1. S. considers Soy 
beaus as a substitute for oats, and get 
Fenusylvania State College Extension 
Circular No. .'*9, esjiecially if he wants to 
build up his soil. He might try a few 
acres and get enough seed for next year 
if he wishes to continue, or with jiresent 
jirices for seed he can jirobahly come out 
ahead if he wishes to sell. Then disk the 
ground for wheat if he catclies it in the 
right shajie. I. V. OTTO. 
Feiinsylvaniii. 
Expenses of Starting an Orchard 
'Tin* following statement of the cost of 
starting an njijilc orchard in New Eng¬ 
land is made by the IlamjKlon County 
(Mass.) League: 
Laud jireparation . $0.00 
Trees, ineluiliiig setting, laying out 
the orchard and pruning. 2.'l..')r» 
Fertilizer for intercroj). 10.00 
Cultivation of intercroj) and inci¬ 
dentally of the fruit trees (labor 
chiirged at 20 cents). 14..|iri 
Intercroj) expenses . 20..'M 
Intercroj) rt'ceijits . 57..T') 
Overhead charges. 0.1 H 
The net cost of this model orchard of 
105 trei's was $29.38. 'The use of the 
intercroj) reduced the cost by from $0 to 
$10 and assured excellent growth of the 
orchard and added fertility to the soil in 
a way which would not have been done 
otherwise. The intercrops consisted of 
vegetables of all kinds. 
This orchard contained 105 trees. 
Avhich jilaces them about 20 feet each 
way, jiart evidently being fillers. The 
“intercroj)” was evidently potatoes, and 
this redneod tlie cost of starting the or¬ 
chard by at least $30. 
“See .anything unusual on your trip?” 
“Yes. At one of the j)laees where I stop¬ 
ped I found a ticket agent who .didn’t 
sef'in annoy<Ml wIh'ii I askod for a ticket. 
•—Detroit Free Fress. 
