666 
if thoy went to consumer at a fair margin, but last Win¬ 
ter buyers were paying half price only for the No. 2 
grade, and one dealer let the secret out that he cleared 
.$4<>2 above all expenses on one car of potatoes of 
ab^uit (!00 bushels. He said there was more prolit in 
the No. 2 than in the No. 1, but the farmer had to stand 
for it. 
'J’bi.s is a.s bad as selling shoddy for “all-wool'’ 
• goods, oleo for butter or doctorf'd molasses for 
“niajde syruj»." It is worse, bwause it is robbery 
of the farrnei' and fraud on the consumer. And we 
want all to understand that every hu.shel of these 
No. 1 i»otatoes. netting the fanner d.*! cents, cost at 
lea.st SO cents to produce! Most of them cost one 
<lollar per l)ushel. A few more “drives” and the 
farmer will be driven off the earth. And now we 
Avant some one to tell us if this statement of a .'10- 
cent dollar is "incrdy the vain repetition of an eco¬ 
nomic fallaciJe” 
“A' 
Renting to Anti-Robbers 
T.T. renters are robbers,” said one man who 
had rented for years. Hut this man failed 
to apply 2 )ractical business sense in r(*nting his 
farm. Over in Plngland they have an eflicient way 
of keeping the fertility of the soil. The tenant who 
rents a fai'in there must take care of the manure. 
No farmer Avho is a landowner will rent his land 
to a man unless he is sure that that man will take 
as good caj'e of the manure as it is possible for lam 
to do. It i.s a law in 1‘lngland that the man who is 
moving off' a f.'irm shall liave comjKMisatlon for the 
manure that he has ai>idied to the soil. 
In this coinitry we rent a farm to a tenant for 
a year, and Ave make our terms with that renter, 
and the chances an* he has nothing left at the end 
of the year, and so lie is made a thief in order 
to make a success. We lire' him and get one just as 
had 01 - even worse. In lOngland they figure uji the 
amount of manure the tenant has juit on the farm 
ami Avhen he moves, which is not often, he is j»aid 
for the fm-tility he has put into the soil. He saves 
the bills of all his feed and then when he moA'es 
he gets his money. If lie has fed cottonseed meal, 
the fertility would be high. He leaves this manure 
on tlie farm and receives alsmt $14 per ton for 
each ton fed. 
English farm-owners estimate that in feeds fed 
one-half of the nitrogen and three-fourths of the 
phosrihoric acid .and jiractically all of the potash 
will be found in the manure, and, of course, it goes 
into the land. They not only say that the man 
Avho feeds cottonseed meal this season Avill get 
pay, but if he has fed cottonseed meal last year 
he gets some pay for that als<(. He gets oiie-half 
of the first yiair’s value, for they consider that the 
value of the manure Kliminflshes about one-half 
every yeai'. As a conseipiencis English land- 
owners have built tip a soil, and the Engli.-h ten¬ 
ant does not join the American renter in his 
“Well, I won’t leave anything here, for I won't be 
j*aid for it and it will not do me any good,” but the 
English farmer knows that if he builds up the 
fertility of the farm he benefits it, and that he Avill 
be ])aid for it. The manure lasts for years, and 
the tenants stay for year.s. e.aru-: av. page. 
New York. 
U/>e RURAL NEW-'VORKER 
horsepower, ami give the saAv a longer stroke. Our 
saw has a stroke of 20 inches. Twent.v'-four or 20 
Avould be much better, but Avould take more power. 
To build the outtit, fiiAst one needs a short piece of 
shafting, s;iy two feet long, AA’ith a heavy pulley on 
one end from 20 to 2b inches in diameter, acconling 
to the size and si»eed of your engine pulley, and a 
crank on the ether end. The length of the crank 
should be one-half the length of stroke the saAv is to 
have. A i»itman of Avood tAvo inches square runs 
from end of ci’ank to a .stick also tAV’o inches square 
running betAveen guides at each end. and the stick 
Avhich carries the saAv is fastened to this. The illus¬ 
tration, P''ig. .3.38 beloAA', Avill jtei'haits make this 
clear. A is the pitman, H is the stick running back 
and forth betAveen the guides, and C is stick Avith 
saAv fastened at one end and the other end hinged 
to B by two V-shaped irons. C runs betAvei'ii tAvo 
iiju'ight irons Avhich keeps the saAA’ from sAA’a.A'ing 
AA'hen not cutting, and a straj) running from an iron 
underneath C and over a imlley fastened betAveeu 
the toj) of the U)»rights, enables the oj.eni.ov to 
Hay 11, 1918 
or three years sooner than Nonvay spruce. The 
tree is more desirable for such uses because the 
h aves do not fall so readily and it is more likely 
to groAv in good shape. 
In New York we can get trees of this kind from 
the State at cost for planting on .such land. If 
M. B. can get them from nur.sery at a cost not 
more than .$0 to .$8 a thousand for four-year trans¬ 
planted trees it Avill probabl.v be cheaper than he 
can raise them. Planted five or '.six feet apart it 
Avill take 1.200 to 1,700 iier acre. ’JAvo men should 
be able to jdant an acre or more in a day. We use 
a .stiff spade in planting. One man goes ahead 
and opens a ci-ack in the ground Avith the spade. 
3 he other folloAvs Avith a basket of trees, puts the 
roots of one in the crack, stamps it shut Avith his 
heel and goes on. If properly .done this gives about 
as good results as the mo.st careful ))lanting, and 
is much quicker. The important thing to remem¬ 
ber in planting evergreims is to keep the roots from 
drying out at all. Very little drying Avill kill the 
ALFRED c. AVEED. 
Wayne County, N. Y'. 
raise saAv Avhen a cut is finished. We use tAvo small 
gear Avheels turning on a piece of shafting to carry 
the front end of l<»g and a AAajoden roller five or six 
inches in diameter carries the othei-. It is suri)ris- 
ing hoAv easily the largest logs can be moved ahead 
on this arrangement. Fig. .339 shoAVs the comphded 
outfit. 
Wa.shington ('o., N. Y, 
Cultivating the Norway Spruce 
I T is rather doubtful if W. B. (page 408) will 
be satislieil Avith the result if he tries .soAA’ing 
the Xoi-Avay sitnicc seed Avhere he Avants the trees 
to groAv. He Avould get several tijiies as many 
trees from the ssune number of jiounds of seed by 
jilanting them in a nursery bed and gi’oAving them 
three or four years before putting them in his 
brush lot. During the first year they should be 
protected by some .sort of partial shade. In case 
one )tlans to groAV trees year after yeai- lath screen.s 
can be made and placed on stakes a foot or more 
above the beds. If this seems too much expense 
stakes six or more feet high can be set up Avith 
cross poles to hold boughs enough to make soine 
shade. After the first season the young trees must 
be ti-ansjdanted to the roAvs Avhere they are to groAV 
Homemade Drag Saw 
F ob the farmer Avith a Avoodlot. Avho uses Avood 
foi- heat and cooking, it is ditticult to conceive 
of a better labor-.«aving device than the drag saAV. 
With one, the largest logs in diameter, and as long 
as the.y can be handh'd, are rapidl.A’ cut into stove 
lengths. It saA’es the lalairious cross-cutting and 
sjditting to get the avooiI in shape for the buzz SiiAA^ 
avoids a lot of heavy lifting. tak(*s less ]»oAA'er to run, 
and is le.ss dangerous to Avork around than the cir¬ 
cular .saAA*. 'The iirobable reason for its limited use 
i.s the fact that the (daborate machines on the mar¬ 
ket are too expensive for the amount of Avork the 
avei'age farmer has for them, and the difficulty inci¬ 
dent to moA’ing them from one farm, to another, and 
the time used in setting them ipt. Some day pei'hajts 
a practical machine AA’ill be designed Avithout any 
uuneces.^ary frills and at a mod(*i-ate ])rice So fai' 
as I know at the ju-esimt time there is none on tb<^ 
market for less than .8,30. 
Du my farm is one made by myself and son Avhich 
has saAA-ed all the Avood used in the fui'na'ce aiid cook- 
stoA't! foi’ .• ix y(?ars and is ajijiarimcl.v good for a 
iiietime. It is made out of an old moAviag machine 
iiinl tAA’o-inch oak jdank. Its cost was the day it took 
to build it and .$4 of Avhich Avas ])aid for the 
saAv. We had the moAving machine and the 
jdunk. For j)OAver Ave use a 1^/^-horsepoAver gasoline 
engine, Avhich uses about three-quarters of a gal¬ 
lon of gasoline i)er day! We had the engine and 
built oui- ,saAV to match the ))bAver. Were I to make 
any changes, Avould use a larger engine, sa5’ 2^^ 
TJtc Completed Dray Haw Outfit. Fig. 3S!) 
niitil lai-g(> (‘iiough to take care of them.selve.s. 
3 he.v should be about .six inches ajiart in the roAvs, 
and the roAvs should be Avide enough ajtai't t«) make 
cultivation eas.v. We haAa* tried ti'ees of various 
sizes, and have fully decided that four-year trans¬ 
plants are bi'ttm' than tho.se a yeai‘ younger, and 
that they are Avorth more than tAvice as much as 
tAAai-y(‘ar untransjdanted trees for .setting in rou.gh 
places. 
'i'he j)laiit;ng of iwei'gn'en trees in this country 
has been done long enough uoav for some of the 
re.sults to sIioav. Some foi’esters tell me noAv that 
they are not advising the jtlanting of NYirAvay 
spi-uce, because it does not seem to be likidy to 
make as hardy a tree, nor one that Avill groAv as 
fast as our native Avhite .siAruce. AVhite pine is by 
far the most satisfactory evergreen that has been 
jdanted in the Noidheast, but that cannot uoav be 
advised, because some yeai’s ago our fiaend Ber- 
man.A’ guAe us a blister laist, and the AAhite jiine 
Avill jn-obably go out as completel.v as the chestnut 
has in some plac(*s. It is likely that the red or 
NorAva.v )»ine i.s best adapti'd for ])Ianting anj’- 
Avhere north of Ma.son and Dixon’.s line and e»ast of 
the :\Iis.slssippi Itiver, This tree is native of that 
region. Its Avood is only a little harder than that 
of Avhite pine, and it groAvs nearly as fast. If 
AV. B. is thinking of groAving Christmas trees he 
Avili find that red inne Avill make salable trees tAvo 
Methods of Seeding Clover 
QAT.8 IN THE .8PBINB.-This i.s the most 
w common metlual in Ncav England. If the 
Aveather is not too hot and laiin comes .soon after 
cutting the grain, it is a ver.v successful method. 
If the Aveather is hot ami dry when the oats are 
cut. much of the timder .seeding, both grass and 
clover, kills out. ’rids is especially true Avith oats, 
as they give a thicker .shade than barley and also 
use more Avater in groAving. Hence, barley is a 
better crop for Sjiring .setuling. Cutting the oats or 
barley for h;iy is more faA'orable to the clover and 
grass' than leaving them to npen. Never seed the 
grain too thickly. One and a half to tAVO bushels 
of oats per acre Avill give the uoav seeding more 
chance than Avhen mere is used. 
IN CDBN AT EA.ST CULTIVATION.—’Phis is a 
method of stocking doAvn that desei'ves more com¬ 
mon u.se. It can be done either in silage or field 
corn, and ch.inces for a succ(‘ssfid “catch’’ are good. 
Ihe adA'antag<‘s of this method are: 
1. A full crop is secured the next year. 
2. No extra ploAving is nec'ded. Often oats are 
.soAvn after corn, not because they are needed or 
profitable, but in order to seed dOAvn. ’This is un¬ 
necessary. 
3. 'rhe s('eding usually has ideal conditions for 
starting. ’Phe “dog-day'’ Aveathei- of Augu.st and 
the jiaitial but imt d(*nse shade <»f the <‘qrn. AAdth 
ample tinu* in the Fall to thicken up and make a 
go.)d growth before* Winter, all favor a 
4. I here is little e.xtra labor or <‘xp(*nse involved. 
o. J he gi^nAA’Ili of cloA'er and grass iireA'ents 
Avashing dui'ing the Winter. 
Keej) the cornfield Avell cultivated and loA'el. 
Cultivate as late as jaissible, sm-ely up to the mid¬ 
dle of .Tilly. .8 oav the clover and grass seed imme¬ 
diately after cultivating and then I'un a spike-tooth 
cultivatoi- through lightl.A'. both Avays if the corn 
is check-roAA'<*d. A fair-sizet] ci'dar or hemlock 
bu.sh may be dragged through to cover the seed. 
Seeding is more easily done Avith a hand broadcast 
seeder. Se(>d(‘rs of this kind are usually sold by 
.seedsmen and hardAvare dealers. Some seed may 
lodge in the corn leaves, hut Avill later be Avashed 
off. 'Phe driving <m the fields in harvesting Avill do 
litth* damage as a ruh*. By I'olling early the mwt 
Spring the old I'uts are tilled and the stubble 
broken over. In the .sjiot.s Avhen* corn is shocked, 
.sei'd must be scatter(*d in the early Spring before 
rolling. It one has never tried .sei'ding in corn a 
trial is the best argument in favor of it. 
IN AAINlk.B AVHEA'P OB BY’E.—Clovei* may be 
.“^oAvn in Winter Avheat or rye early in the Sjiring. 
SoAv.iug b.v Ajiril 1, oi- before, gives the best results. 
Bolling hater is desirable, but clover seed soavu 
A vhen the soil is honeycombed by freezing and thuAV- 
ing Avill usually “catch” all right except on very 
samly soils. If grass seed is used it ought to be 
soAvn in the Fall at the time Winter Avlieat or rye is 
sfiAvn. 
.SI MMEB, .SEliDINti.—'Phis ma.A' be done suc¬ 
cessfully Avith or Avithout a nurse cro]). BuckAvheat 
or late-soAvn I)arle.A’ can be used as nur.se crops if 
soAA'ii thinly. If .seeding cIoa’ci* alone, oi' Avith 
gras.s, have the .soil Avell prejiared, fine and mellmv. 
Bolling may be desirable, but a light harroAving 
should alAvays folloAV. From August 1 to .Sep¬ 
tember TO represents the mo.st .successful seeding 
period. Late .seedings of clover during the last of 
.Septembei' seldom do Avell. 
SPRING SEEDING WITHOF'P NURSE CROP. 
—This is rather hazardous, for Aveeds often choke 
out the crop before it gets Avell established. 
Connecticut. bex.j. g. soutiiavk k. 
