1182 
production and at the same times drives a jjood profit. 
NO FKILLS ON THIS FARM.—Mr. Schaiiher’s 
farm is by no moan.s a show place. Everything? is 
figured from a business standpoint. Some of his 
neighbors have criticized the rough condition of the 
buildings, but these same neighbors, who have always 
lived on “Easy Street.” have not considered the 
sti'uggles from small beginnings that Mr. Schauber 
has experienced. The farm came to a widoAved 
mother Avith a big family of small children, but 
before she could make her claim secure it Avas neces¬ 
sary to pay off other heirs to an extent more than 
equal to the value of the farm. When George reached 
his majority he hired the farm fi-om his mother and 
began the nursery and small fruit business. After 
renting the farm for about 10 years he soon saAv 
that he Avould not only haA'e to pay for his improve¬ 
ments. but Avould have to divide the value of these 
improvements Avith .several brothers and sisters, so 
he bought the farm outright and took upon himself 
the task of paying for it out of the annual proceeds. 
A short Winter course at Cornell early in his rental 
occupancy of the farm stimulated his natural love 
for fruits and he returned Avith a determination to 
succeed notwithstanding physical handicaps. A se¬ 
rious knee trouble kept him on crutches for a period 
of six years, and only a couple of fortunate frac¬ 
tures, occ-asionlng many Aveeks of complete rest for 
the lame knee, brought about a condition Avhere the 
crutches could be discarded. Wlien the farm Avas 
rented in is07 there Avas one small old orchai’d on 
the place, and the first thing :\Ir. Schauber did Avas 
to make jilans for a neAv orchard of 10 acres. This 
Avas mostly Sjiys. BaldAvins and Greenings. Avith 
dAA’arf pears as fillers. Like all beginners Avho IniA’e 
later seen their mistakes. Mr. Schaulier saw his. and 
soon made plans to avoid a re<-urrence. Ilis remark 
to the Avriter AA'as that his first big mistake was in 
.setting dAvarf i>ear.s. They had never paid a dollar 
of ])rofit. ITis second mistake Avas in setting the 
apple trees at all. They Avere such poor stock that 
about half of them died the first feAv years. Fortu¬ 
nately, the Spy.s. Greenings and BaldAvins proveil 
vigorous and began to give him a profit in 14 to 15 
years. By replacing the dAvarf pears Avith bai-dy 
peaches and plums he rocovei-ed some of the htss 
caused by .setting dAvarf peai’s. The soil and ex- 
jiosnre is nearly ideal for fruit; a heaA-y loam soil 
underlaid Avith shale and Avith a high exposure slop¬ 
ing gently to the Avest offers conditions of both soil 
and air draining hard to beat. By freipient tillage 
during the early part of the season Mr. Schauber 
Avas able to keep up a vigoi-ous groAvth of the trees 
that did live, and to bring them into early bearing. 
SPRAYING HELPS. —In groAA'ing choice fruit 
there are many things that “helii Avin the Avar.” but 
no one is entirely effectual Avithout the other. Prob¬ 
ably no one operation helps more than that of spray¬ 
ing. At least three and sometimes four different 
sprayings are needed to keep di.seases and insects 
under control. Thorough spraying, together Avith 
soil cultiA'ation, are the only essential factors in pro¬ 
ducing large specimens of perfect fruit. c. .s. rnKi.rs. 
(To be continued) 
Handling Hydraulic Ram 
Would you giA'C illustrated instructions on how to 
stoj) and start a hydraulic ram, Avliich I have to force 
(he Avater up to my house? It is 500 feet aAvay. Could 
a string or Avire at my house be arranged .so I do not 
have to go from house to ram every time I want to 
stop and start it? I stop the ram by pulling up on 
the valve or plunger, and start it by just pinshing doAvn 
a little ou it. I Avant a device to pull Aip valve so it 
Avill stay up, and Avill start Avhen touched a little. I 
had a string tied to top of valve and run to house, but, 
as the valve tAvists around every time it comes up. the 
string AA'inds around the valve, and is a failure. I al.so 
had a small j)iece of iron fast to some string to <irop 
on valve Avhen I loosened string, Avhich works fairly 
Avell as a starter, but it Avas not practical. I get short 
of Avater in dry season, and want to run ram hour or 
so, and then stop it until spring filis. then run it 
again and store up water. The ram Avill stop itself, 
but it stoj)s Avith the valve doAvn. and Avater runs on 
out through the valve and does not back up Avater and 
fill the spring, but if Aoilve is pulled up by string at 
house it Avill stay up and fill spring. The idea is to 
make a pump out of ••am in dry Aveather; plenty of 
Avater most of time and it ran right along. u. n. p. 
ino to the hydraulic ram, many country homes 
have all of the advantages of a city Avater 
siqiply. Wherever a spring or other source of Avater 
is .so .situated that there is opportunity to instail a 
ram beloAA' it. this faithful little engine Avill AA'ork 
aAvay day and night pumping a portion of the Avater 
to the buildings far above. Usually Avhen once 
started it is left to its OAvn devices, the Avater being 
first forced to the storage tank in the house to insure 
a supply of fresh, cold Avater there, and an overflow 
pipe leading from this tank to the barn, any surplus 
from the tank at the barn being alloAved to escape 
to the drainage system. This method is soiueAvhat 
wasteful of Avater, lioAvever, and occasionally, AA'here' 
Oic RURAL NEW-YORKER 
a spi’ing furni.shes only a limit('<l tloAv. it is desirable 
to IniA-e some Avay in Avhich the ram may be started 
and stopped Avithout visiting it each time, as it is 
likely to be at some little distance from the house, 
as is the case Avith G. II. I). It is impossible to shoAV 
here a device that Avill fit all rams under all condi¬ 
tions, but a little study of the action of the ivim Avill 
enable anyone to install a similar starter adajited 
to the particular make of ram that he has in use. 
The ram pumi>s its Avater by means of the force 
exerted by the moving column of Avater in the driA’e- 
pipe Avhen suddenly stopped by the quick closing of 
the impetus value. Referring to the cut. Fig. 571, 
(A) is the drive-pipe Avith Avater floAving doAvn it in 
the direction of the arroAvs, and escaping at the 
ojien impetus A'alve at (B). As the A’elocity, due to 
the action of gravity, iucrea.'^es the impetus A'alA’e 
Detail of Ilj/draulic Dam. Fig. 571 
(B) is i>icked uj) and seated quickly, much as a stone 
is moved by sAviftly tloAving Avater, thus closing the 
opening. This .sudden stoppage of the Avater con¬ 
tained in the drive-jupe causes it to cxei*t a hammer¬ 
like bloAv on the valve (G). Avhich is opened slightly, 
and a portion of the Avater forced through it into 
the air bell (I)). Thi.s, of course, comiiresses the 
air in the bell and increases its pressure. As soon 
as the column of Avater in the drive-iiipe is stoi»ped 
there is a slight backAvard .surge or rebound im¬ 
parted to it b.v the compres.sed air in the bell, Avhich 
clo.ses the valve (U), and permits the impetus valve 
(B) to drop open again through the action of graA'- 
ity. This pi’ocess is repeated over and over again 
as long as conditions are light, and the Avater forced 
into the bell jmsses up the .service pipe (E) to the 
point of discharge. 
At the time the ram is started the valve (B) must 
.Xnangentent for Helf-kDartcr. Fig. 572 
be AvorkeJ up and doAvn by hand until a sufllcieut 
air itressure has been secured in the air bell to pro¬ 
duce the backAvard sui-ge or rebound spoken of, be¬ 
fore the ram Avill operate alone. The second dia¬ 
gram. Fig. 572. shows an an-angement permitting 
this to be done from a distance by means of quad¬ 
rants and Avires .similar to those .sometimes u.sed for 
operating a pump at some little distance from the 
Avindmill. 
(A) is a rigid standard supporting the Avorking 
parts of the device. This may be of Avood lag- 
screAved to the foundation upon Avhich the ram is 
placed, or if the de.sign of the ram iiermits it, it ma.v 
be made of iron and bolted to some of the jirojecting 
bolts of the ram, the main requirement being rigidity, 
October 19, 1918 
insuring the carrying of the Avorking parts in perfect 
alignment. The arm (B) is bolted at right angles 
to the upright, and the hole (C) bored directly over 
the impetus valve. To the top of the impetus vah’e 
is attached a light, strong Avood rod (D). In the 
experimental device constructed to try out this idea 
this rod Avas attached to the top of the impetus valve 
Avith Avire, as shoAvu in the small sketch. With 
othei' rams this attachment might have to be differ¬ 
ent, but should present no great dilliculties. 
In this rod at (EE) are affixed tAvo Ava.shers by 
means of pins in such a position and at such a dis¬ 
tance from each other that they do not come in con¬ 
tact with the arm of the quadrant (F) Avhen it is 
in the position shoAvn during the usual Avorking 
stroke of the ram, but the rod and valve can both 
be lifted and depressed by means of this arm if the 
quadrant is rocked far enough by means of the 
luill wires (GG). 
The quadrant needs no explanation. The only 
con.sideration is to have it so placed that the slotted 
end of the lever eunies in direct line Avith the hole 
(C) and the top of tlie impetus A'alve, and to have 
the .slot at (F) large enough so that the rod (D) 
does not touch it. Contact is Avanted only when the 
lam is .starteil or stopped, and this should be Avith 
the Avashers (EE), not the rod. The rod must work 
perfectly free. 
The jtull Avires should be attached by threaded 
eyes at the quadrants (HII), so that they may be 
draAvn up taut. If iiecessary, the.v may be supported 
at diffei-ent points throughout their length by staples 
driven into posts, and by the introduction of flexible 
Avire cable and pulle.vs, or by the .addition of other 
ipiadrauts their direction can be cliauged, and the 
line run in a tunnel or at the top of high po.sts if 
the usual po.sition near the ground .surface is in the 
Avay, Tile regular side aAvning pulleys obtainable at 
the hardAvare s-tore for a small sura arc all right 
for this jmrpose. 
This line, as indicated in the draAving, may be run 
through the .side of a building and operated from 
inside. Working the lever (I) backAvard and for- 
AA'ard causes the impetus valve to be lifted to and 
released from its seat, Avhile the mid-position shoAvn 
alloAvs the ram to Avork as usual. While simple, this 
device needs to be carefully constructed to Avork 
vsuccessfully. There must be no interference Avith 
the movements of the rod (D), The proper opera¬ 
tion of the ram depends upon the quick, snappy 
closing of this valve. In a case as outlined by 
G. IL 1)., hoAvever, this device should save a great 
many .step.s. k. h. s. 
Last Winter’s Tree Injury 
HE loss of fruit trees frOm cold OA'er a large 
part of New York State during the Winter of 
1017-IS Avill long be remembered. There are several 
distinct types of injury: • , 
First, injury to buds; .second, injury to trunks of 
trees and branches, particularly the bark, cambium 
layer and sapAvood being affected; third, injury to 
roots. This injury was apparently noticeable upon 
loose, sandy loams Avhich had very little moisture in 
them at the time Winter set in. Fourth, injury to 
trunks of trees due to splitting or loo.sening of the 
bark. The .seA-eral types of injury noted above have 
caused the loss of many thousands of tree.s, and 
many Aveak-appearing trees Avhich have been severely 
injured Avill undoubtedly die during the next fCAV 
years. It Avill take several years’ planting to make 
good this loss. GroAver.s, Avho are at heart fruit 
men, Avill Avant to fill vacancies as .soon as pos.sible, 
and are wondering what effect the Aveather had upon 
nursery trees, and if it is safe to plant a tree older 
than one year the coming Spring. 
Without (luestion there Avere some blocks of nur¬ 
sery trees severely injured last season. IIoAveA’er, 
most of these Avere cut and put on the brush pile by 
the nur.serymen. I pei'-sonally visited several nursery 
sections and Avalked through quite a number of 
blocks of nursery stock the past Summer, and found 
very feAv injured trees, and from reports of men in 
the field believe that a very large proimrtion of stock 
is in good thrifty condition. IIoAvever, in buying 
trees for planting, I Avould specify that the tree 
should be free from black heart and should have 
made a good, vigorous groAvth the past sea.son, and 
further, that the trunks should .show no signs of 
sunscald or Winter injury. Such trees, I believe, 
will give good satisfaction when properly planted. 
The indications are that gi’OAvers will have to pay 
higher prices for all kinds of fruit tree.s the coming 
season, and probably for several years, as the nur¬ 
sery plantings have been greatly reduced, and all 
expenses have increased at least 50 per cent 
B. D. V. & 
