1286 
j:a]lons hot water. Then mix the second and third 
^uixtures and pour them into the lime, .stirring until 
all is well mixed. Thi.s is the whitewash mixture 
used' in large implement factories and is recom¬ 
mended by insurance companies. The formula gives 
a product of excellent bru.sh consistency. Weather- 
jiroof whitewash for buildings, fences and other ex¬ 
terior work: First, slake 62 ijounds (one bu.shel) of 
<iuick]ime in 12 gallons of hot water. Second, dis¬ 
solve two pounds of common table salt and one pound 
f>f zinc sulphate in two gallons of boiling water. Pour 
the salt and zinc mixture into the lime and then add 
iwo gallons of skiin-niilk and mix thoroughly. 
LIGIl’lIIOU.SK WHITEWASH.—A durable cov¬ 
ering for lighthou.ses and farm buildings: First, 
slake 62 pounds (one bu.shel) of quicklime with 12 
gallons of hot water: second, dissolve 12 pounds of 
rock salt in six gallons of boiling water. Third, 
j'oui- the salt solution into the lime and then add 
six pounds of Portland cement. Alum added to a 
lime whitewash prevents its rubbing off and ordi¬ 
narily one ounce to a gallon is sullicient. Flour 
paste answers the same purpo.se. but requires the 
suj)pleinentary use of zinc sulphate to preserve it. 
'I he use of molasses renders lime more soluble, and 
causes it to penetrate wood or plaster surface: a 
I'int of molas.ses to five gallons of whitewash is suffi¬ 
cient for average use. i^ilicate of soda .solution in 
the proportion of one i)art of soda to 10 of white¬ 
wash produces a firepi-oof cement which is desired 
in some cases. The addition of one pound of cheap 
bar .soap, dis.solved in one gallon of boiling water to 
approximately five gallons of thick whitewash will 
give the paint substitute a .gloss like that of the 
<()jnmercial varieties of oil paint. 
ANOTHER GOOD FORMULA.—Another white¬ 
wash recipe which is popular for use around the 
farm consists in slaking a half bushel of lime in 
itoiling water, keeping it covered during the .slaking 
proces.s. The lime is then strained and one peck 
of salt dissolved in Avarm Avater is added. Three 
pounds of ground rice are boiled Avith AA'ater to a 
thin jiaste; Avhile half a pound of poAvdered Spanish 
whiting and one pound of clear glue are dis.solved 
in AA’ater and then all the.se materials ai’e thoroughly 
mixed together and allowed to stand for several days. 
his AA'ash .should be prepared in a kettle or portable 
furnace a.s, for best i’esult.s, it should be applied as 
hot as possible with paint or AvhiteAA’ash brushes. 
'J bo AA'ashes AA'hich contain milk, flour, or .glue should 
not be used in damp interiors because of the ten¬ 
dency of the organic matter to decompo.se. For such 
Mork it is preferable to prepare a AA’hiteAvash accord¬ 
ing to some formula AA’hich does not include these 
ingi’edients. In all cases. AvhiteAvash is best applied 
Avith a broad, flat bru.sh, the liquid being spread 
lightl.A’ over ti(ie surface Avhich is to be painted. No 
attempt .should be made to brush in the AA’hitewash, 
as is done Avith oil paint. 
CALCIMINES.— (^old-Avater paints or calcimines 
have for bases Avhiting or carbonate of lime instead 
of the caustic lime Avhich occurs in Avhitewash. 
Whiting has no adhesiA’e properties, and hence. Avhere 
ii is used, some supplementary binder such as casein 
or glue must be added. The formula for ordinary 
AA’hite stock or calcimine is flr.st to mix 16 i)ounds 
of dry Paris Avhite in one gallon of boiling Avater 
until free of lumps, and then soak one-half pound 
of Avhite sizing glue in one-eighth of a gallon of 
cold Avater. Dis.solve this mixture on a Avater bath 
(glue pot) and pour into (1). This receipt makes 
about tAvo gallons of stock, Aveighing 12% pounds a 
gallon. It is of i)roper brush consistenc.v, and may 
be used immediately, althou,gh generally it is prefer¬ 
able to apply it after the mixture has stood about 
half an hour. Any tint may be given to this Avhite 
stock by stirring the de.sired dry color in a little 
AAater and adding enough of this liquid color to the 
base. For tinting, u.se colors that are not affected 
by lime, such as yelloAv ochers, sienna, umbers. Vene¬ 
tian red, para-red, maroon oxide, ultramarine blue, 
ultramarine green, chromium oxide, bone black, etc. 
In case lampblack is used for tinting, it should be 
stirred up in hot Avater containing a little .soap or a 
cold-Avater solution of borax, the alkali in each of 
these cases overcoming the greasy nature of the 
lampblack. 
COVERING CAPACITY.— The following informa¬ 
tion relative to the covering capacity, and the time 
(■onsumed in aiiplyiug the paint, Avas obtained from 
shop records after an average of sevex’al year’s’ Avork: 
One gallon covers on plaster 270 square feet. 
One gallon covers on brick 180 square feet. 
One gallon covers on Avood 225 square feet. 
A man in one hour using a five-inch brush should 
be able to coat the folloAving amounts of surface: 
Rough Avails. 22 square yards (108 square feet). 
Smooth Avails. .38 square yards (842 square feet). 
Brick Avails, 20 .square yards (ISO square feet). 
Zr/5c RURAL NEW-YORKER 
flat surlaces, as a bench or floor, 40 square yards 
Ceiling,-Avith step ladder, 25 square yards. 
DAMP-PROOF CALCIMINE.— An efficient damp- 
proof calcimine for plaster Avails con.sists of (1) 
16 pounds Paris Avhite or extra gilder’s whiting in 
one gallon boiling Avater; (2) one-half pound of 
white sizing glue soaked for four hours in half a 
gallon of cold Avater, and then dissolved in a water- 
bath; (3) one-quarter pound of phosphate of .soda 
dissolved in one-eighth gallon of boiling water. 
3Iix (3) with (1); then add (2). If a thick, Avhite 
stock is wanted, use one-half instead of one galloir 
of water with the aboA’e 16 pounds of Paris Avhite. 
BUTTERMILK PAINT.— Another practical white- 
Avash, AA’hich is sometimes called buttermilk paint, 
is made by mixing three pounds of Portland cement 
Avith one gallon of buttermilk and then adding 
enough coloring matter to produce the de.sired hue. 
This paint must be stirred frequently Avhile in use 
in order to prevent the cement from settling to the 
bottom of the vessel. The buttermilk paint should 
be used as .soon after making a.s possible. It Avill 
dry irr about .six hoirr.s. and is I’econrmended as- highly 
resistant to Avater and Aveathering. It is adapted for 
oirtside AA’ork AA’here a glos.sy surface is not .soirght, 
Avhile it aI.so makes an excellent covering for fruit 
trees after pruning. When it is used for this pur- 
A Siaratofia Conntn Ewe with Tier Quadruplets. 
Fig. (WO 
pose a larger amount of cement .should be employed 
in the preparation of the paint. 
WHITEWASH FROM CARBIDE RESIDUE.— 
Farms that are equipped Avith acetylene gas lights 
.sometimes accumulate a large amoirirt of carbide 
residue composed of lime. This residue catr be used 
to advantage iir AvhiteAvashing fruit trees, as Avhere it 
is mixed Avith a dilute solution of sulphate of ii’on 
peroxide it destroys moss and in.sects Avhich deposit 
eggs on the .stems and lu-anches of such trees. Where 
mixed Avith a A’ery Aveak .solution of carbolic acid it 
is also valuable for sanitai’y ])urposes in AA’hitoAvash- 
ing the AA’alls and ceilings of cattle sheds arrd stables. 
By adding a small amount of bichromate of imtash 
or soda to the I’esidue a veiw irretty yelloAv color 
ie.sults after the material dries in the air. One-half 
dram of bichromate mixed Avitlr 25 drams of Avater 
is adequate for coloring Iavo pounds of residue. 
IT. S. Department of Agriculture. g. ii. dacy. 
Care and Treatment of Tree Seed 
PAI5T II. 
NURSERY PLANTING.— The nursery method is 
the moi’e burdensome, but in the long run is the 
more satisfactory. A bed (.similar to one for plant¬ 
ing radish seed) is carefully prepared in Avell- 
di’.ained, fertile, sandy loam, and the seed.s soaa’ii in 
thi.s. They may either be broadcast or drilled, but 
they should be planted A’er.A’ shalloAA'^. It is customary 
to plant a bed four feet Avide and 12 feet long, con¬ 
taining 48 .square feet, Avith seven to nine ounces of 
hemlock seed and nine to 10 ounces of balsam seed. 
When it is considered that there are over 190,000 
hemlock seeds to the pound, and about 43,000 balsam 
flr seed.s in the same Aveight, it Avould certainly seem 
that a feAV pounds ought to be enough for the 
average Avoodlot. 
CARE OF THE SEEDLINGS.— At first the beds 
Avill need to be carefully shaded and Avell Avatered. 
During the first Winter the little trees should be 
mulched Avitlr a layer of straAv or old leaves in 
order to ju-event them from frost heaving. At the 
end of tAvo years thej' AA’ill be three or four inches 
high, Avith a root system extending even further into 
the ground. In the Spring of the second year they 
should be transplanted. This may be directly into 
the Avoods or field Avhere they are intended to groAV, 
or, preferably, into rows in the nursery. If they 
are placed in the nursery they should be about tAvo 
inches apart, Avith the roAvs eight inches to a foot 
apart. This gives the little trees a chance to groAv 
a year or two more and to dei-elop a much better 
November 16, 191,8 
root .system. Trees of this size will recover much 
more quickly from the shock of being transplanted, 
and there is a much smaller percentage of loss. 
TRANSPLANTING.—^Transplanting may be done 
either in the Spring or early Fall. Spring planting 
is perhaps more satisfactory, but farmers usually 
prefer to do it in the Fall, because it interferes less 
with the more urgent farm work. Great care should 
be taken not to expose the roots to the sun, or to 
drjing AAinds for any length of time. The tiny root 
hairs are very sensitive, and injury to them may 
result in the loss of the tree. On open fields or on 
cut-over land it is usually luost sati.sfactory to space 
the trees 5x5 feet, or 6x6 feet. If the fonner spac¬ 
ing is used it Avill take 1742 trees to the acre, if the 
latter 1210 trees. It is difficult to estimate hoAv 
many trees Avill be needed Avhen a partially thinned 
woodlot is being underplanted. Usually one can 
figure on an average of 800 trees to the acre. 
SELECTION OF VARIETIES.—Great care should 
be taken to select trees Avhich are adapted to the 
type of land to be planted, and to conditions under’ 
which the trees are to groAv. Hemlock and balsam 
each require a moist, faii’ly AA’ell-drained soil, and 
AAdll stand a good deal of shade during their eai’ly 
life. Balsam groAvs more rapidly, but hemlock Avill 
produce the larger tree. Considering the demand 
for pulp AV’ood, probably balsam Avould be the more 
profitable iuA^estment. Spruce will prosper under 
similar conditions, AA’hile pine AA’ill groAA’ on drier 
soils, and demands more .sunlight. The v’arious irines 
will groAV under a Avide range of conditions. White 
pine Avill groAv on almost any Avell-drained .soil so 
long as it has plenty of moisture, and an abundance 
of .sunlight. Red pine is eA’en more demanding as 
to sunlight, but not so much so as to the character 
of the .soil, Avhile Scotch pine Avill groAV in almost 
any .soil Avhere it can got its root system started. 
Those per.sons avIio find the process of collecting the 
seeds and groAving the trees a too long and laborious 
process can buy the .seedlings already Avell .started 
from any one of the many commercial irurserie.s. 
Ngav York State farmers having hillsides, run-doAvn 
pastures, or partially depleted AA’ood lots in AA’hich 
they Avish to plant trees, can secure them at the 
cost of production from the State. The NeAV York 
State Conservation Commission at Albany has .seven 
big nurseries .situated in different parts of the State 
Avhere forest trees are groAvn. Price lists can be 
secured on application. 
NUT TREE.S FROM SEED.—Butternut and Aval- 
nut trees are very ea.sy to groAv from seed. The nuts 
should be collected in the Autumn Avhen they fall to 
the ground. They .should be dried and the husks 
knocked off, then stored through the Winter-. All 
large seeds, such as these, together- Avitlr hickory 
nuts, acorns, arrd beechnuts, are stored in the same 
Avay. They should be kept rnoi.st (but well drained) 
and cold. Freezing does them no harm. The nuts 
may be planted irr the Fall or- stoi-ed until the folloAv- 
ing Spr-ing. This is best done by mixing them Avith, 
or stratifying them betAveen. layers of sand or- light 
soil, and leaving in the ground until Spr-ing. It is 
often convenient to stratify them in a box of sand, 
and either bury the box irr the ground, or- store it 
in a cold cellar. 
PLANTING THE NUTS.—In the Spring the nuts 
should be sifted out of the .sand and planted as 
early as po.s.sible. Butternuts and Avalnuts both pro¬ 
duce a long tap-root, and for- that rea.son do not bear¬ 
transplanting as Avell as some of the other trees. 
Wherever possible they should be planted dii-ectly 
on the site Avhere it is intended that they should 
develop. The simplest method is to drop the nuts 
into holes made Avith a croAvbar or similar tool, 
about 12 inches deep. The soil should be deep, 
fairly rich, moist but AA’ell drained. After the nut 
has been dropped into the hole the ground should 
be kicked back into place. It is Avell to mark the 
places so that Avhen the little ti-ees come up they can 
be protected against the trampling of men and ani- 
mal.s. The.se marks also help Avhen clearing aAvay 
the brush and Aveeds. c. h. c. 
A Prolific Ewe 
HE picture of the eAve Avith the four lambs, 
shoAvn at Pig. 609, is sent us by Mr. .8tiles 
Harris of Saratoga County, N. Y. The.se lambs 
were dropped on April 26, and the picture Avas taken 
just before the eAve Avas .sheared. This ewe is a 
grade four-year-old sheep, and was bred to a reg¬ 
istered Shropshire ram, and it must be said that this 
quiet citizen of the republic is doing her best to 
clothe and feed the country. While we have a num¬ 
ber of reports of eAA^es Avhich have dropped three and 
four- lambs, it is not usual for them to raise the 
entii-e bunch, but in this case the lambs are healthy 
and strong, and are likely to get through. 
