120 
The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
January 25, 101!) 
Ornamental 
Grown under ideal climatic conditions in the largest Nurseries in New 
York State, where only the newest and best methods of raising, handling 
and selling Nursery Stock are employed. 
4. 
INTRODUCTORY OFFER: 
GARDEN COLLECTION 
3 Two-Year 6-7 ft. FruitTrees for $1.2S 
1 York State Prune—1 Montmorency Cherry—1 BartlettPear 
Send today for our big Wholesale Catalogue. 
It tells just the things the fruit grower and 
planter should know about our nursery stock, 
and much valuable information on planting 
and the care of fruit trees, shrubs and vines. 
It will pay you to plant that orchard this 
Spring. Help will be plentiful, and fruit will 
command high prices for years to come, be¬ 
cause we will have to supply foreign as well 
as home needs. 
Visit our nurseries and let us show you our scientific business-like way of growing and selling 
tree*— Let us show you over our 400 acres—Let us prove to you that we have the trees and plants 
you want We will send you exactly what you order and charge you an absolutely fair price 
We Prepay Transportation Charges on all Orders for Over $4.00 
MALONEY BROS. & WELLS CO., 45 East Street, Dansville, N. Y. 
Dansville’s Pioneer Wholesale Nurseries 
Free Catalog of TREES.SHRUBS.ROSES&VINES 
Here are the Reasons Why it Will 5 
Pay to Send tor Our Catalogue: 
1. The Maloney guarantee of absolute satisfaction 
is back of every tree and our guarantee is 
more than a scrap of paper. It is backed by a 
firm of 35 years’ experience and sound financial 
standing. (Look up our rating in Bradstreet’s.) 
fl. Onr trees are guaranteed to bear true to name. 
8. Our trees are guaranteed healthy and free 
from all disease. 
Our trees are sold to you direct by the grower 
(the only man who knows positively that you 
are getting what you order) at cost of pro¬ 
duction plus one profit only. 
DIBBLE'S 
ALFALFA,CLOVER 
* W TIMOTHY 
Tested99.50ZjP(/rp 
orBetfar 
SEED 
^ D. B. BRAND 
The Highest Grade Obtainable 
D. B. Alfalfa Seed northern grown, absolutely 
hardy, our test 99.80 at about half the price of 
Red Clover Seed. ... .. ~ , 
D. B, Grimm or Everlasting Alfalfa, Dakota grown, 
cheaper than Red-Clover. Sow Alfalfa Seed Freely. 
Comparatively cheap this year. 
D B. Red Clover Medium and Mammoth northern 
grown, average purity for years 99.70, average 99.o0 
guaranteed. Values higher than ever known. Best 
grade the cheapest. ,. . 
Fancy Alsike in free supply at most reason abl e values. 
D. B. Timothy average purity, our tests 99.70. 
We offer thousands of bushels, uniform quality, 
at right prices. , . . 
Timothy and Alsike natural mixtures, re¬ 
cleaned Lot A, average M Alsike. Lot 100, 
average % Alsike. The bargains of the year. 
Buy seeds only on a guaranteed purity and farm. 
germination test. Dibble s Seeds are sold that /£ r£Ify n. 1 
way subject to our famous 10-day-money-back- t A 
if-you-want-it guarantee. , „.. , -f if JI, ' S O TA - 
Samples, money-saving Price List and Dibble s VMW 7 . 
~ ’ " aloe FREE. Address t V A//OFfy, - , 
F. DIBBLE SEEDGROWER hmpuifry,!^ 
. J, Honeoye Falls, N. Y. lZy . . ** *'L 
Headquarters for Farm Seeds '</ 4< 
Spring Wheat Seed Corn Oats Canada 
Field Peas. Soy Beans, Millets, Vetch, etc. 
Seed Potatoes,over 100,000 bushels in stock, f 
From Our Farms to.Yours / -^0/ 
Samples, money-sav uik »**7 ' * 
Farm Seed Catalog FREE. Address 
EDWARD 
Box B 
BIG PROFITS 
Growing Strawberries 
$300 to $500 
Per A. 
made by beginners 
following 
“KEITH’S WAYS 
|>T0 SUCCESSFUL BERRY CULTURE” 
We can save you $2 to 85 per 1,000 
on plants. Plant growing is our 
specialty. Buy our Guaranteed strong, 
true-to-name plants. Money back if not 
sitisfactory Send today for our 1919 Year 
Book in colors, on small fruits. It’s Free. 
KEITH BROS. NURSERY, Box 400, Sawyer, Mich. 
K 
NIGHT’S FRUIT PLANTS 
Have Been the Standard for Over 
on VC A DC Don’t waste time and 
Ov I IirllYij. mo ney with inferior 
oek. $1000 per acre has been made growing 
trawberries and Raspberries. YOU ean do 
s well with KNIGHT’S PLANTS. 
Write for FREE catalog today 
'AVID KNIGHT & SON, Box 103, SAWYER, MICH. 
J52i!!GRAPE-VINE$ 
69 varieties Also Small Fruits, Trees, etc. Best rooted 
stock, Genuine, cheap. 2sample vines mailed for 10c. Des¬ 
criptive catalog free. LE WX8 ROESCH,BoxL,Fredonia,N.Y. 
Strawberry Plants 
1,000,000 AT BARGAIN PRICES 
H. Graf, Berks Co., Pa., says: "1 never received such nice 
plants.” Write today for free Catalog about idle Straw¬ 
berry. A Money Crop. C. 8. Perdue, Box 20, Showed, Sid 
Two Excellent Vegetable Books 
By R. L. Watts 
Vegetable Gardening . • . . . $1.75 
Vegetable Forcing.2.00 
Clearly written, practical, convenient for 
reference, covering outdoor and green¬ 
house vegetable work. For sale by 
The Rural New-Yorker 
333 W. 30th St., New York 
Thrifty, Sturdy Trees 
You can be sure when you buy 
Woodlawn grown fruit trees, vines, 
and berry bushes that they are 
thrifty, vigorous growers and 
heavy bearers. Over 43 years suc¬ 
cessful growing experience has| 
been directed towards producing a' 
wide variety of that kind of stock. 
We have the exclusive sale of the 
famous “Dr. Worcester ” Peach. 
Our extensive line of ornamental 
shrubs, bushes, and perennials are of the same de¬ 
pendable quality as our trees. 
Special Fruit Garden Offer. Write for details of this 
complete fruit garden at a special price. Our illus¬ 
trated 1919 Nursery List contains valuable planting 
and growing information. Mailed on request. 
WOODLAWN NURSERIES 
880 Garson Ave. Rochester, N. Y. 
Fruit Trees 
That Yield 
Bigger Crops 
The bud controls the quality and quantity of 
the fruit. We hud from selected trees in 
hearing orchards. Such trees bear earlier, 
yield heavier and produce fruit of superior 
duality. Start right with Harrisons’ Quality 
Trees—vigorous, healthy and hardy. Grown 
under our personal supervision. Beautify 
your home with our Evergreens and Norway 
Maples. Write for 1919 Catalog — today. 
Harrisons' Nurseries, Box 14, Berlin, Md. 
REES at HalfAsents Prices 
Fruit Trees—Vines—Berries—Shrubs— 
Ornamentals—Roses 
Bearing Age Trees a Specialty 
FREE WHOLESALE CATALOG contains plant¬ 
ing and growing instructions. 
THE WM. J. REILLY NURSERIES 
62 Ossian Street, - Dansville, N. Y. 
Guaranteed bvCertified Grower- 
Boy Strawberries 
BifrFr«*r, Sweeter, and more pro¬ 
ductive than any other everbear¬ 
ing strawberries. Fruits on 
enrintc set plants from June to 
November in the North and 
the year-round in the South. 
Our 20th Century Catalog 
fully describes this and 
. more than fifty of the best 
h j standard varieties straw¬ 
berries, also other small 
fruit plants. Send postal 
today. 
E. W. TOWNSEND & SON 
R.R. No. 25, Salisbury, Md. 
Simple Science 
By Dr. F. D. Crane 
Strong Lard 
What can I put ill lard to take the 
strongness out? T. w. G. 
Tuckahoe, N. Y. 
It is hard to suggest a treatment, as we 
do not know just why the lard is strong. 
On the large scale live steam is used, and 
you migl ‘ try putting a pound or so in a 
rather 1 ge kevtle ot water and boiling it 
as hard s you can make it boil till about 
two quarts of water have boiled off 
through the layer of lard. A little vine 
gar in the water may help some. There 
may be a simple domestic remedy; if so 
it will be gladly received from the readers 
who know about it. 
Coal Oil in Motor Radiator 
IIow will coal oil do in the radiator of 
my car? I hear a few have used it in¬ 
stead of water with success. ii. n. n. 
Lebanon, Pa. 
Coal oil has not nearly the heat capacity 
of water, but if you have a first-rate cir¬ 
culation this might not matter. The dan¬ 
ger from fire is very greatly increased, and 
we can only warn you of this and say that 
we cannot advise it. 
Preservative for Canvas 
T have a boat laid up for the Winter. 
What can I put on the stretched canvas 
to preserve it? T. F. N 
New Britain, Conn. 
We think there is nothing better for 
this purpose than a light coat of raw lin¬ 
seed oil. with perhaps just a little ochre 
in it. since your canvas is already brown. 
Whitening White Fowls 
IIow are white chickens made so white 
for the shows? it. p. 
Gloversville, N. Y. 
There may be some secret tricks, but 
the best practice is to begin by never let¬ 
ting the birds get dirty. A show bird 
must be one from her moult, kept in clean 
quarters with only bright, clean straw to 
scratch in. Then the bird is well washed 
in plenty of warm soapsuds, well rinsed 
(some books mention a little blueing in 
the last rinse water, just like clothes), 
and dried with great care in a warm room, 
being kept here till entirely dry and hap¬ 
py. From a chemical standpoint there is 
nothing but peroxide which can be used on 
the living feathers without injuring the 
texture. 
Cleansing Wallpaper 
What will clean soiled wallpaper? 
Brooklyn, N. Y. g. c. h. 
The safest thing is bread crumbs, and 
if it. is much of a job it will pay to bake 
a special dough with about 10 per cent of 
the best grade powdered pumice in it. 
Tomato Vinegar 
On page 1421 symeone inquires about 
tomato vinegar. In answer you seem to 
throw a wet blanket over the matter. 
Y 7 ou think the flavor would be unusual. 
Again, you say boil your tomato.es and 
squeeze out the juice. No, don’t boil or 
squeeze. Take ripe tomatoes, mash them 
up any way—I run them through cider 
mill—but don’t press them. Put them in 
a coarse bag; a fertilizer bag. well washed 
out. is what I use. Hang up and let 
drain over night, and if you find a little 
squeeze on the bag will bring more juice, 
all right. Let the juice stand till it set¬ 
tles some, then pour off into another tub 
or keg. add enough heavy molasses to give 
it the color of dark cider, with a decided 
sweet taste. Set away in a warm place, 
outdoors if you wish, but cover so as to 
keep rain and flies out. Don’t use any 
“mother” in it. When cold weather comes 
rack it off into clean barrel or keg. I 
have made and sold hundreds of gallons. 
It looks and tastes very much like pure 
cider vinegar. w. B. 
Delaware Co.. Pa. 
Questions About Lubricating Oils 
At various times lubricating oil sales¬ 
men come through here and talk about 
“paraffin oil." “animal fat. oil” and oth¬ 
ers; also about “flash test,” “fire test” 
and “viscosity.” What do they mean? 
Somerville, N. .T. t. M. ir. 
Since it is hard even to fancy an un¬ 
duly modest salesman, they must be only 
partially informed, or they would surely 
have added “asphalt base oils,” “marine 
oils,” “vegetable and wood oils,” “m. p.,” 
“litre test.” “acid value,” “saponification 
value,” “iodine value,” and perhaps a 
few still more technical terms to their 
“line of talk.” For the obvious reasons 
that oils in some shape have been known 
since the dawn of the race, that they are 
essential as food and of great use in 
other ways, that they are plentiful and 
fairly easy to examine, there is as much 
recorded work on the oils as on any. 
other group of substances. For instance, 
one standard work is in three volumes 
of rather fine print, eight or 10 pounds 
of information, if you want to look at it 
that rather heavy volume 
treats only of the examination of paraffin 
oils and lubricants. So you see that 
merely the definitions would take more 
space than would be fair in these col¬ 
umns. 
It will be better to see what oils are 
and how they act. and use only the few 
definitions that we cannot escape. The 
first known fats and oils were the animal 
and vegetable products, and while speak¬ 
ing of these we will begin by ruling out 
the so-called “essential oils,” since they 
are rare as lubricants. But even here 
vve begin to suffer from our own limita¬ 
tions. since rosin oil is very like many 
“essential oils" and has its place in mixed 
lubricants. But the great majority of 
the .animal and vegetable oils are com¬ 
pounds of glycerine with various acids 
made up of carbon and hydrogen, which, 
since they are mostly found in fats, have 
the general name of “fatty acids.” The 
simplest of these is formic acid, named 
from the ants from which it was first 
obtained, but now made from wood alco¬ 
hol by way of formaldehyde. 
Rome of the other simple fatty acids 
united with glycerine are found in butter, 
but. for the most part, they are rare till 
we get 10 or IS carbon atoms in a. string 
or chain. These are palmitic and stearic 
acids, and their glycerine salts are the 
bulk of many of the solid animal and 
vegetable fats. The “glycerine” which I 
have mentioned without defining is an 
organic alkali, a tri-hydrie alcohol, that 
is, it has three hydrogen-oxygen groups 
which take each one hydrogen from three 
separate acids, so that glycerine tri¬ 
stearate is the thing you get, for the 
most part, when you refine beef fat. But 
no fat as found in nature is all one 
thing, there are usually several glycerine 
salts in each sort of fat. 
When we examine the animal and vege¬ 
table oils, we find them shading into the 
fats and vice versa, the terms are merely 
loose and handy, but there is one marked 
difference: when we break off the gly¬ 
cerine and examine the free acid we have 
a liquid instead of a solid. Much careful 
work has shown that this acid is the 
same as stearic except that it is short 
two hydrogen atoms, and in the place 
where they would be two carbon atoms 
are joined twice instead of once. The 
acid is called oleic, and the weak spot 
is known as the unsaturated point or 
the “double bond” (for chemical rea¬ 
sons). Of late years it has been found 
that if the melted oil with just a little 
nickel in it has hydrogen gas run through 
it, the gas will be picked up at the double 
bond, and we will come out with a gly¬ 
ceride of stearic acid instead of oleic, 
that is, we will have “C'riseo” instead of 
cottonseed oil. There are several patents 
mi this process, and the products are 
sold under various fancy names, “Frisco” 
is merely the trade name of one ot them. 
The process can be applied to oils for 
lubrication as well as for food, and has 
great possibilities, since it may be used 
to bring about just enough change to 
influence a melting point as is desired 
These are known as “hardened oils.” and 
usually have no “free acid.” 
The double bond is also of importance 
as being the place where the oxygen of 
the air ean go in. giving a thickened oil 
which “dries” more or less, according to 
its kind. Linseed oil is an extreme case, 
so much so that it is not used as a lubri¬ 
cant, but many other oils will “gum” 
more or less. The probable effect in use 
is judged from the “iodine number,” since 
iodine is taken up at the same place and 
the amount can be easily measured. 
While getting oils and fats out of their 
natural sources there is an unavoidable 
splitting of the glycerides, and the free 
glycerine is usually washed away, while 
the fatty acid, almost if not wholly in¬ 
soluble in water, stays with the bulk of 
the oil. But this free acid is quite active 
and so it is usually washed out with a 
little dilute alkali. Sometimes sulphuric 
acid is used in purifying the oil. and 
traces of this may remain, especially in 
mineral oils which, as vve shall see, have 
little or no acid of their own. In any 
event, free acid is bad in a lubricant for 
most machinery, and free mineral acid 
is worse than tiie organic acids. And 
yet, for certain purposes, they prefer the 
free acids; wool must be greasy to be 
(Continued on page 124 
