The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
169 
New York State Horticultural Society 
The Joint Meeting at Rochester 
Paut I. 
Only one State horticultural meeting 
was held at Rochester this year, which 
was a joint meeting of the Western New 
York Horticultural Society and the New 
York State Fruit Growers’ Association. 
There was a large attendance that filled 
Convention I-Iall. The exhibit of fruit 
was somewhat larger than that at either 
of the two meetings last year. There 
was the usual exhibit of the New Y'ork 
State Experiment Station, showing most¬ 
ly apples of New York. Besides, there 
was a large exhibit of barreled apples, 
packed by Farm Bureau associations on 
a co-operative plan, which were sold at 
auction for more than $6 per barrel. The 
merging of the two old societies Avas 
formally and legally enacted. The adop¬ 
tion of the preamble, constitution and by¬ 
law’s of the new society followed. The 
by-laws provide for the holding of annual 
meetings the second week in January. 
The annual membership fee is .$2. U. P. 
Hedrick was elected president and E. C. 
Gillett secretary and treasurer of the ucav 
society. 
The following are some of the award's 
of first prizes: On barrels Baldwins 
first prize, C. II. Mills, Sodns: second, E 
H. Perry & Sous. Greenings, first, C. I) 
Mills; second, Clarkson Farms, Brock 
port. King, first, C. H. Mills. Ber 
Davis, first, George Morse. On apple* 
in flats: Baldwin, first, C. H. Mills 
second, Leslie Tanner, Medina. Northern 
Spy, first, H. H. Bonnell, Waterloo; 
second, W. I. Smith, Rochester. Green¬ 
ings, first, C. H. Mills; second. Leslie 
Tanner. McIntosh, first. C. H. Mills; 
second, Salesbury Bros. 
President S. J.'T. Bush in his opening 
address said : “There will be a scarcity 
of help and there always will be until the 
farmer can charge enough for his product 
to enable him to go into the labor market 
and compete -with other employers, and 
there will never be maximum production 
until the industry is established on a 
basis that pays. In the coming year, 
while we do not anticipate a serious dif¬ 
ficulty in obtaining farm help, xve must 
remember that millions of men have been 
permanently removed from production by 
death and disability, and that a large 
part of our army will not be demobilized 
in time to help the situation this year. 
We must, therefore, again look to the 
women, who rendered a service last year 
that was of inestimable value, and who, 
I believe, will be ready and anxious to 
serve even more efficiently this year. We 
ought to be very proud, and i am sure 
Ave are, of our American Avomen. who 
have proved themselves so resourceful 
and patriotic in the great emergency 
through which Ave have been passing. It 
should be the business of the neAv society 
which avc are to form here to champion 
high ideals: to stand for progress and 
improvement in every direction; better 
methods, better living, better fruit, and 
better grading and packing.” 
President Rogers of the New York 
State Fruit Growers’ Association fol¬ 
lowed. He said: “With our improved 
methods of cultivation Ave do not have to 
Avait 20 or 25 years for a crop of apples 
as our fathers did. but are able to get 
the trees to bearing a profitable crop in 
eight A' 10 years, and if we expect to 
pick ou* apples in the future with far¬ 
merettes Ave will need small trees for 
nem to pick from. Apples have not been 
planted to any great extent in Western 
New Y’ork in the past ten years, and we 
have not young orchards enough to take 
the place of the old ones. I see no reason 
why we should not plant more apple 
orchards. I also notice that some of the 
apple orchards were killed, or a great 
many of tin' trees were, last Winter, by 
the freeze. I wish to caution the growers, 
in setting apples, especially this next 
Spring, to see that they get apple trees 
that are not hurt from last Winter’s 
freeze, as I understand from good author¬ 
ity that the young trees in the nursery 
now were injured to a great extent by 
the seA’ere Aveather of last season.” 
Prof, P. J Parrott said : “Subjects of 
special interest this year are: 1. Loav 
temperatures and insect mortality. 2. 
Scarcity of hoi. y bees in relation to or¬ 
chard pollination and spraying pract: cs. 
3. The wane of the San Jose scale and 
some economies in spraying. 4. Calcium 
arsenate as a cheap arsenical. 5. The 
spray gun: its use and abuse. 6. Dry 
substitutes for lime-sulphur solution. The 
absence of bees in orchards at period of 
blooming was generally noted in Western 
New York, and had the effect of reviving 
interest in the role that these insects play 
in the cross fertilization of fruit trees. 
Some growers, convinced of the impor¬ 
tance of bees as pollinating agents, and 
desiring to insure proper fertilization of 
their fruit trees, are planning to main¬ 
tain their oavu bees or have induced bee¬ 
keepers to establish apiaries in their or¬ 
chards. On the other hand, as shown by 
letters in our agricultural press, there 
are fruit growers Avho are quite skeptical 
as to the service that bees may render, 
and some individuals take the extreme 
position that spraying will hereafter be 
conducted with little reference to effects 
on the. activities of these insects. Insofar 
as the differences in opinions center about 
proper spraying practices, it cannot be 
emphasized too strongly that the interests 
of the grower and apiarists are not an¬ 
tagonistic, but are reciprocal; and neither 
one can well dispense with the service of 
the other. The bottom has certainly not 
yet been struck in arriving at a complete 
understanding of the phenomena of cross 
fertilization and setting of orchard fruits, 
and as far as specific advice to growers as 
to how to improve the conditions of their 
plantings in these respects, there is not 
a great deal one can get his teeth into. 
The outstanding facts are that pollina¬ 
tion is a recognized nec^sity and that 
there exists a dual interdependence be¬ 
tween floAvers and insects. While bees 
may not now be the sole means of cross 
fertilization of orchard fruits or equally 
effective every season, they are. according 
to our present knowledge, indispensable 
agents, and a grower may \A r ell think 
twice before he adopts any course of 
action which prohibits their activities as 
pollen bearers. 
“Those Avho use the spray-gun must 
still have an eye on safety of the spraying 
to fruit and foliage and on proper field 
service, to insure efficiency of the treat¬ 
ments and reasonable cost of the opera¬ 
tions. Of the three elements, stress 
should be placed ou the safety factor. 
Spraying with any of our Avell-knoAvn 
insecticides and fungicides is attended 
with a certain amount of danger, and 
sometimes the injury is very severe. The 
volume of the liquid discharged from a 
spray-gun under high pressure is large, 
and it is an easy matter to overspray 
certain portions of a tree and undertreat 
other areas. Close spraying with a solid 
stream may also produce russeted lop¬ 
sided apples. Avhic-h have the appearance 
of having been injured mechanically. 
Such results can. hoAvever, be largely 
avoided by careful manipulation of the 
controlling device, in order that the spray¬ 
ing liquid may strike the leaves and fruits 
as a fine mist and by the operator direct¬ 
ing the nozzle at different angles to the 
tree so that the application may be uni¬ 
form to all surfaces. Select, as far as 
possible, days for spraying Avhen the 
material will dry quickly on the foliage. 
Follow the approved spraying schedule 
because, when sulphur preparations are 
used, trees apparently develop immunity 
to spray injury as the season advances, 
provided they have previously received 
the full complement of treatments. It is 
also important to bear in mind that, 
insofar as is possible, applications of 
lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead should 
not be made during periods when ex¬ 
tremely high temperatures prevail. 
“Those Avho use dry substitutes for 
lime and sulphur solutions should know 
that not all of the so-called dry mixtures 
are lime-sulphur preparations. Some 
brands depend on soda-sulphur compounds, 
while other brands contain barium-sul¬ 
phur compounds as their principal con¬ 
stituents. The growers should bear in 
mind these distinctions and buy only the 
material that has stood the test of experi¬ 
ence. Untried preparations, if applied at 
all. should be used experimentally. 
“There is a Avide variation in the 
amount of sulphur in different sulphur 
sprays, AA’hich ranges for the soda-sulphur 
mixtures from 1.79 to 59.92 per cent; bar¬ 
ium mixtures from 16.54 to 44.0 per 
cent, and calcium mixtures from 3.97 to 
56.0 per cent. It is obvious that for a 
given volume of weight these materials 
do not possess the same value, and that 
the amount of dilution with water will 
not be alike for each if the diluted spray 
is to be of the same strength, i. e.. con¬ 
tain the same ratio of efficient sulphur.” 
Prof. U. P. Hedrick of the New’ York 
Experiment Station. on “Breeding 
Fruits,” said: “There are from fifteen 
to tAventy thousand distinct A’arieties of 
fruits on our grounds, counting seedlings. 
The men in the department are instructed 
to search for sports or bud mutations. 
Occasionally avc find one that reproduces 
itself, but they are rare. In one project 
noAv under way aa-c are growing all the 
supposed strains of the Bakhvin apple 
bought from nurseries in all parts of the 
United States, with the idea of seeing 
whether the resulting trees and fruits 
will be identical Avith the New York 
Baldwin, or Avhetker each supposed strain 
or local variation will be reproduced. In 
another experiment avc haA’e propagated 
a considerable number of apples from 
scions taken from the best trees in a 
Rome Beauty orchard and the poorest 
trees in the same orchard. w. h. j. 
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