462 
ment, we may now consider them in groups, as well 
each of the classes listed, insofar as possible. 
E. L. KIRKPATRICK. 
(Continued next iceek) 
Garden Crops on the Pacific Coast 
Great Growth of Peas and Tomatoes 
FINE CHERRY.—I am enclosing some photo¬ 
graphs of plants taken by David Griffith, 
botanist, of the Bureau of Foreign Plant Introduc¬ 
tion, United States Departn t of Agriculture. I 
can vouch for the accuracy of the pictures, and 
thought they might interest you. The one of the 
tree in full bloom is a Royal Duke cherry on the 
north side of our house. It was set out in the Spring 
of 1900. and while it has not made a very robust 
growth it is vigorous and bears a very line crop 
every year, though probably not as full of fruit as 
the blossoms in the photograph might indicate. It 
is a superb cherry (with apologies to the American 
Bornological Society), very large, stone Small, very 
juicy and ripens with us about July 10 to 15. It is 
grafted on Malialeb, and the soil is a very heavy 
joint clay, which dries out very quickly, and in 
extreme dry weather crack open badly unless kept 
well broken and loose to a depth of four or live 
inches. See Fig. 124. 
SUNRISE TOMATO.—The tomatoes are the Eng¬ 
lish variety Sunrise. The seed was grown 'in a cold 
frame, no bottom heat of any kind, sown about 
March 15, and transplanted May 25. In this plot 
there were four rows, seven hills to a row, planted 
two feet apart each way, and the stakes are from 
40 to 45 inches tall. I only allow live fruit spurs 
io develop, as any above that will not mature with 
us. When this was taken, the early part of Sep¬ 
tember, we had been using the tomatoes from the 
vines for about two weeks. The clusters averaged 
10 perfect, well-ripened tomatoes each, and live 
clusters to a plant gave us r good yield. The soil 
is the same heavy clay, but trenched very deep and 
fertilized in the hill when the plants are set out. 
For fertilizer I use two good shovelfuls of manure 
(but as all manure here is about half sawdust, it 
really means a good shovelful), also a garden 
trowel full of hardwood ashes and two-thirds of a 
garden trowel full of line ground bone meal, and the 
insults are satisfactory. See Fig. 125. 
PRINCE EDWARD PEAS.—The photograph of 
garden peas, Fig. 125, was taken in August. The row 
is 45 feet in length, the average height 9)4 feet. The 
extreme height, as measured by Mr. Griffiths, was 
10 feet seven inches. The variety is “Prince Ed¬ 
ward,"’ and belongs to the Telephone family. It is 
very prolific, very large and sweet. This row was 
planted May 4. In preparing the ground I throw 
cut all 'the soil to the depth of an ordinary round- 
pointed garden shovel, for a width of two feet. Then 
1 spade the ground as deeply as I possibly can by 
holding my shovel with the blade perpendicular 
about 14 to 16 inches (no light work). For fertilizer 
I use four wheelbarrow loads of the sawdust-mixed 
manure to the row, about four quarts of hardwood 
ashes, two quarts of slaked lime and the same of 
tine bone meal. This row is double, and trained to 
the ordinary chicken wire, tb >re being a row of six- 
foot wire, and above that a row of two-foot wire. 
The top line of string, as shown in the foreground, 
is fastened to the top of the wire. The yield of this 
row was over 80 pounds of green peas, all being 
picked for table use as green. This crop shown 
is the ninth successive crop grown to this line of 
wire, 'the wire and post not having been disturbed 
since putting ago when I grew the first crop, but 
the next season I was away and did not grow one. 
I have grown one continually each season since. 
Washington. c. t. Canfield. 
Milk Goats in New Hampshire 
S PEAKING of goats, consider N. J. Nassikas, the 
1 goat king of New England. Mr. Nassikas is a 
grocer in Manchester, N. II., and caters especially 
to the trade of the Greek colony, which is a large 
one. Now the Greeks are exceedingly fond of cheese 
made from goats’ milk, and consume large amounts 
in their native land. Up to the time the war broke 
out, Mr. Nassikas was importing nearly 300,090 
pounds of this cheese, sending to New York what 
was not needed for his local customers. Other 
dealers also imported this cheese, a total of 6.000.000 
pounds being brought into this country every year. 
There was dismay among the Greek-Americans 
of Manchester and other cities when they learned 
that no more goat cheese could be brought over. Mr. 
‘The RURAL. NEW-YORKER 
Nassikas, too, missed the revenue which he derived 
from this source, and began to speculate on the pos¬ 
sibility of keeping goats on New Hampshire’s hills, 
and manufacturing cheese from, their milk. Then 
he bought a large farm on the road to Dunbarton, 
remote from the town and with many acres of waste 
land. Soon the residents of Manchester were sur¬ 
prised to see large herds of goats traveling through 
the streets, all headed in the direction of Dunbarton. 
The animals had been brought by rail from the 
West, and there were hundreds of them. Probably 
there are a thousand goats on the Nassikas farm 
now. and butter as well as cheese is being made from 
their milk. The statement is often made that goat’s 
milk will not separate so that butter can be made 
from it. Mr. Nassikas willingly revealed the secret 
of making it separate. “It is only necessary,” lie 
said, “to warm it on the back of the stove. Then 
the cream will soon rise.” 
A special building is used for making the cheese 
and butter, and all the work is done by men. The 
cheese itself is white in color, and looks much like 
the skim-milk cheese with which all American 
housewives are familiar. It is much harder, though, 
and has an entirely different flavor. There are 
several varieties of the Greek cheese, and some kinds 
are exceedingly salt. 
The goats are cared for in much the same manner 
as the goats of Greece. No fences are used to con¬ 
fine them, but they are guarded and herded by shep- 
A Greek Goat Fanner in New Hampshire 
herds, who carry crooks in the good old-fashioned 
way. If it is desired to catch any particular goat, 
the hook is deftly slipped around one of its legs. 
The herdsmen also carry goatskins filled with milk 
or water, and these skins are hung from their 
shoulders by cords. The goats are allowed to roam 
all over the big farm, and spend much time browsing 
in the wood lot. When cold weather comes they are 
rounded up and driven under the barn, where they 
can l»e sheltered from the storms. During the Win¬ 
ter they are fed largely on oak leaves. 
Tf it were possible to import milch goats now, Mr. 
Nassikas would probably bring over a herd of high- 
class animals. He says that there is a constant de¬ 
mand for goat’s milk at 20 cents a quart, but his 
business is making cheese and not retailing m'lk. 
Europeans are very fond of goat’s milk, probably 
because they are familiar with it. Not far from 
Boston there is a dairy farm, which is carried on 
by a thrifty Italian. Some 20 cows are kept, and 
the milk is sold to American families in neighboring 
towns. The milk for the milkman’s own family, 
however, is supplied by a small herd of goats, which 
have a little corner in the lug barn. The prejudice 
against goat’s milk is unwarranted. The goat is one 
of the cleanest of animals, and much more dainty 
than a cow. Since cow’s milk lias become very high 
in price, many people have begun to keep goats, and 
they are to be seen on lawns around Boston. It is 
true 'that they have not proved to be so profitable 
as people at one time were led to expect they would 
be, for it has been found very difficult to produce 
heavy milking strains. Moreover, the New England 
climate does not seem particularly well suited to 
them. Yet they cost but little to keep, can be housed 
in very limited quarters, and produce milk which 
is said to be better for children than that from 
cows, e.1- Farrington. 
March 15, 1010 
Power for the Spray Gun 
Mr. Wood, on page 31, gives most valuable suggestions 
as to the spray-gun, but leaves some questions unans¬ 
wered. For a very light outfit for use on bill farms, 
where orchards have, say, 30 to 100 trees, what capacity 
of engine and what size of hose should he used with the 
spray-gun? Will 1 y% h.p. engine and a 3x5-in. pump 
with %-in. hose give good satisfaction? Bump and en¬ 
gine direct connected and mounted on skids or planks 
on a one-horse wagon with 60-gallon barrel. w. c. p. 
Litchfield Co., Conn. 
T is impossible to tell whether W. C. P. would get 
good results from the gun with his outfit without 
actual tests. The engine and pump should have 
enough capacity to hold a pressure of at least 250 
pounds at all times with the gun wide open. The 
capacity of the gun can be reduced by using a disk 
with a smaller hole. A 3x5 single cylinder pump run¬ 
ning at 50 to CO pressure strokes per minute might 
give capacity enough for a gun with reduced open¬ 
ing. If the pump is so connected as to run faster it 
would give greater capacity. If the pump is built 
for low pressure the working parts will probably be 
soft brass, and will not stand the strain of high- 
pressure spraying. I have seen a new valve sent 
completely ruined in a few minutes’spraying at twice 
the pressure the pump was expected to stand 
To say that an engine is rated at 1*4 horsepower is 
very indefinite. The first engine we bought was 
rated 114 horsepower. The second had the same 
bore, stroke and speed and was rated four horse¬ 
power. Another bad a larger bore, the same stroke 
and 100 more revolutions per minute and was rated 
three horsepower. Engines sold about 10 years ago 
were rated according to a formula in which bore, 
stroke and speed were multiplied together with a 
certain factor supposed to give the proper horse¬ 
power rating. With a heavy flywheel these engines 
would give for a few minutes a power equal to a 
steam engine of similar rating, b.ut lost power 
quickly as Ihe speed was pulled down by the load. 
Many engines now are rated according to a belt pul¬ 
ley test, and are given the horsepower that they will 
maintain without losing speed. Thus a T*4-horse- 
power engine of today may be as strong as one that 
was rated four horsepower a few years ago. 
At 250 lbs. or more it is likely that %-in. hose 
Would be too heavy to give satisfaction if strong 
enough to stand up. Last season we used a %-in.. 
six or seven-ply hose, with very thick rubber both 
inside and out. It. was sold to us under a positive 
guarantee, but did not last more than a few days. 
Something bad evidently happened to it before ir 
reached us, so that there were a few holes through 
the inner rubber, and the material followed through 
the fabric and burst out in many places. By patch¬ 
ing with tiro tape and rags we managed to use it 
through 1 lie season, but it made a nasty job. A 
neighbor had some of the same lot of hose which lie 
used through two spraying seasons, and said if 
seemed as good as when lie started. We may use 
B.-in. lioso next season. Most spray-pump hose con¬ 
nections are now made %-in.. so that size fittings 
should be used with the smaller hose. The best liose 
fittings we have found have a long nipple to go in¬ 
vade the hose, with two seats for hose damps sepa¬ 
rated by bumps, so that when the clamps are drawn 
down tight they cannot slip off. It is no particular 
pleasure to have a hose slip off when you are right 
in line and get a face full of a %-ineh stream at 
250 pounds or more. 
In making a disk for the gun a hole can be drilled 
through a piece of saw blade or an old mower knife 
by using a piece of old tile ground down to the right 
shape. The disk can lie cut to shape by shutting it 
in a good vise and shearing off the extra parts with 
a cold chisel. It can 'then be finished on the emery 
stone. 
The opening in the disk should be small enough so 
that at 250 lbs. tlie stream of spray when the gun is 
wide open will act like the exhaust from a steam en¬ 
gine. That is, it will move upward, downward, or 
sideways as the wind may happen to catch it. When 
the spray begins to act like tlie stream from a 1ms.' 
tin* opening is too large for the capacity of the pump. 
The very line spray lias greater covering and pene¬ 
trating power; in fact, it seems sometimes as though 
it became possible to get a heavier coating of spray 
material where a very fine mist at high pressure 
was used. That is not saying* that we subscribe to 
the old and pretty well discredited idea,that the best 
way to spray is to put on as much as possible with¬ 
out starting the leaves to dripping. 1 nder that kind 
of spraying a large proportion of the leaves will re¬ 
ceive so little spray that they might as well not bo 
sprayed at all. With a very tine spray it often looks 
as though much of the water was evaporated out of 
the mixture between the time B eft the gun and the 
time it hit the tree. Alfred e. weed. 
