862 
Jhe RURAL NEW-YORKER 
May 17, 1910 
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The Cow and Her Care 
Questions About Cream 
What is meant by 20 per cent cream? 
How can you determine 20 per cent 
cream? Can a separator be regulated to 
turn out 20 per cent cream, or how do 
you make a cream 20 per cent? How 
ni'any quarts of 20 per cent cream are 
to be normally expected from an average 
can of milk (40 qts.)? I low is milk 
to be handled that is to be used to pro¬ 
duce 20 per cent cream for the market ? 
How is the cream itself to be cared for 
iu order to market it as it should be mar¬ 
keted? What is a right price for 20 per 
cent cream now. or what is the market 
price now? ... W. w. V. 
Accord, N. Y. 
Twenty per cent cream is that contain¬ 
ing 20 per cent butterfat or 20 lbs. of 
butterfat to each 100 lbs. of cream. About 
78 per cent of water and 7 per cent solids 
not fat made up of casein, albumen, 
sugar and ash make up the other con¬ 
stituents. One can determine the per 
cent of butterfat in cream by means of 
the Babcock test. This requires special 
equipment that can be bought from any 
dairy supply house. It consists of a cen¬ 
trifugal machine, glassware, sulphuric 
acid and special cream scales for weigh¬ 
ing the cream into the test bottles. Di¬ 
rections for operating this test are usually 
furnished with the machine. The test is 
not difficult; to learn to do it right one 
should be instructed in its operation by 
one who understands its operation thor¬ 
oughly. 
A separator cannot be regulated so as 
to skim 20 per cent cream day in and 
day out. The per cent of fat in cream 
from a separator set to skim cream of a 
certain per cent fat under certain condi¬ 
tions varies from day to day, due to many 
factors, such as richness of the milk, 
temperature of the milk, speed of the 
machine, steadiness of running, cleanli¬ 
ness of the bowl, rate of inflow, and 
amount of water used for flushing out the 
bowl. One must standardize to get a cream 
of just the desired per cent of fat. This 
is done by skimming a ci-eam richer than 
is desired. and then adding skim or whole 
milk to it to bring the fat down to the 
desired point. For example, if you had 
85 per cent cream and 4 per cent milk on 
hand, a d you wanted to make up 50 lbs. 
of 20 per cent cream proceed as follows: 
85—20 = 15 parts of milk to use. 
20— 4 = 10 parts of cream to use. 
This means that in making up 20 per 
cent cream out of 35 per cent cream and 
4 per cent milk, they must always be 
mixed in the ratio of 15 lbs. of milk and 
16 lbs. of cream; this iu all would make 
31 lbs. Then 
31 : 16 ; : 50 : x 
31x = S00 
x=25.S lbs. of 35 per cent 
cream to use. 
00—25. S=24.2 lbs. milk to use. 
In like manner any figures available 
may be substituted in the above equations 
and any problem figured out. 
A quart of 20 per cent cream equals 
2.1 lbs. Forty quarts of ihilk equals SO 
lbs. Milk averages to test 4 per cent. 
86X.04= 3.44 lbs. butterfat. 
3.44-f-.20 = 17.2 lbs. of 20 per cent 
cream. 
17.2-f-2.1= 8.2 qts. of 20 per cent 
cream. 
Milk for market cream should be pro¬ 
duced under clean conditions and sep¬ 
arated as soon as drawn from the cow. 
The separator and all utensils should be 
thoroughly washed and scalded after each 
use. The cream should be cooled at once 
iu a tank of running water or ice water. 
Always cool warm cream from the sep¬ 
arator before mixing it with c led cream 
iu the storage can. If it is to be mar¬ 
keted in bulk in cans it needs to be shipped 
only twice a week if it is kept cold. If 
cream is put up in bottles and sold retail, 
only day-old cream should be used. The 
cream is bottled after it is cooled and 
kept cold until delivery. 
^ Twenty per cent cream is worth about 
85 cents per quart wholesale in cans and 
50 cents per quart in bottles. h.f. j. 
Mangels for Cow 
Will you give balanced ration for a 
family cow to utilize such feed as we 
have and to buy in addition what is need¬ 
ed? We have plenty of mixed hay. corn 
to be ground with the cob, fresh mangels 
enough to last until grass is good. IIow 
many mangels should be fed daily, and 
should they be chopped fine? ic. a. h. 
New York. 
Mangels should be chopped with a root 
cutter or shovel and about 30 lbs. per 
head fed daily in two feeds, morning and 
evening. Feed what mixed hay the cow 
will clean up in at least three feeds, and 
make grain mixture two parts, bv weight, 
of corn and cob meal, one part wheat 
bran, two parts cottonseed meal and one 
part linseed oilmen]. Add 1 lb. of coarse 
fine salt to each 100 lbs. of feed. ii. f. j. 
Unprofitable Milker 
I have a Jersey cow five years old, fresh 
last November. I am getting only seven 
quarts or a little over of milk per day, 
very rich in butterfat. 1 am feeding fine 
Red clover and Alsike hay (second cut¬ 
ting), oats with about one-fourth wheat 
mixed and same quantity of corn, ground 
with about 1 lb. oilmeal, to mess; have 
been feeding about 3 qts. of this mixture 
to her twice a day. When she was fresh 
she gave me about 0 qts. per day. but has 
gradually dropped to 7 or 7)4 qts. I gave 
her about 4 qts. of carrots all Winter, 
but they are now gone. It does not seem 
to me that she is giving milk enough for 
feed she is getting. I raised oats, wheat, 
corn and hay; have no silage. Would 
like to increase milk flow or will sell cow. 
New York. ,. c. c. H. 
I doubt very much if any change in feed 
will materially increase the milk flow of 
your cow. You are right in your suppo¬ 
sition that she should give more milk <>n 
the amount of grain she is getting, partic¬ 
ularly when your ration is so well bal¬ 
anced. In view of this fact, and of the 
fact that she gave only. 6 qts. a day when 
fresh, it may be concluded that she is an 
unprofitable cow. It is not out of the 
ordinary that she has dropped from 6 to 7 
qts. a day in five months, but a mature 
Jersey should give more than 0 qts. when 
fresh. II, F. J. 
Overfed Cows 
What do you think of the ration we are 
now feeding? Two parts of gluten, one 
part barley, 24 qts. of that grain a day to 
a cow. and 60 lbs. of silage. r. w. 
New York. 
Would say that you are feeding your 
cows more grain per day than has or¬ 
dinarily been fed to world’s champions. 
Even though you have but little hay, this 
amount of grain is unnecessary. The 
grain ration is also unbalanced and should 
not contain such a high per cent of gluten. 
Feed what hay you can to each cow daily, 
and not over 45 to 50 lbs. of silage. Make 
up a grain ration of two parts, by weight, 
of ground barley, two parts cottonseed 
meal, one part gluten feed and one part 
linseed oilmeal. Add 1 lb. of salt to each 
100 lbs. of feed and feed 1 lb. of grain to 
each 2.5 to 3 lbs. of milk produced daily. 
This would be about 10 lbs. of grain for 
a cow giving 25 to 80 lbs. of milk. One 
quart of milk equals 2.15 lbs. n. F. J. 
Grain with Silage 
11411 you give a good economical grain 
ration to go with corn silage from corn 
not fully matured and clover hay? Can 
buy oats at 70c per bu., barley at .$1. glu¬ 
ten. $5S, and other feeds in proportion. 
Holstein cows, giving 40 lbs. of milk per 
day. b. g. w. 
New York. 
Feed 85 to 40 lbs. of silage per head per 
day, and all the clover hay they will clean 
up at at least two feeds. Make up a 
grain ration of 200 lbs. of ground oats, 
100 lbs. of ground barley. 200 lbs. of glu¬ 
ten feed. 200 lbs. cottonseed meal and 50 
lbs. linseed oilmeal. Add 1 lb. of salt to 
each 100 lbs. of feed. Feed about 1 lb. of 
grain to each 3)4 lbs. of milk produced 
daily. - h. f. j. 
Grain for Cow 
I have one good grade Jersey cow and 
would like to know what grains to feed her 
to get the most milk. On account of trans¬ 
portation difficulties. I buy my grain in 
Spring to last a year. In Winter I have 
good mixed Timothy, clover and Red-top, 
mixed loose hay ; in Summer she runs out 
in pasture on new-seeded piece, but patch 
is hardly large enough for plenty of feed. 
New York. J. c. K. 
In Winter use two parts, by weight, of 
bran or ground oats, one part cornmeal or 
hominy feed, one part gluten feed, one 
part linseed oilmeal and one part cotton¬ 
seed meal. In Summer drop off the cot¬ 
tonseed meal. Always add 1 lb. of salt to 
each 100 lbs. of feed when mixing it up. 
In Winter feed about 1 lb. of grain for 
each 3 lbs. of milk produced daily, and iu 
Summer about half this amount as long as 
pasture lasts. ii. f. j. 
Pasteurized Skim-milk for Calves 
What information can you give me in 
regard to pasteurized skim-milk for 
calves? Some say that it is not good for 
them. We can buy it for lV>c per qt. 
Rhode Island. " l. p. B. 
If I had to feed purchased skim-milk to 
calves I should insist on its being pas¬ 
teurized. unless the milk came from heal¬ 
thy herds. It is the only safe milk. Some 
States require that the creameries pas¬ 
teurize the skim-milk before it is returned 
to the farmers. It is quite probable that 
the germ causing contagious abortion is 
spread through unpasteurized skim-milk. 
H. F. J. 
Stable Floor 
I have a barn 28x40: this will include 
my horses, feed-room, \corncrib and 
garage. Would you advise cementing the 
floor in the entire building. I have 16 
inches to fill in and I am using broken 
glass arouifd the sides to keep rats out. 
What is. the best floor I can put in? 
Dover, Del. j. l. b. ii. 
There is little question that concrete 
makes the best all round floor for barns 
and outbuildings, though, if sufficiently 
well under-drained to be always dry, a 
tamped earth or cinder floor answers 
every purpose for the storage of vehicles 
at no expense for material. For grain 
rooms, nothing equals concrete, but horses 
should have plank, or other insulating 
material, to stand upon. If the expense 
is not prohibitive, a concrete floor for 
this entire building will be a lasting 
source of satisfaction. M. b. d. 
Mrs. Flatbush : “What new step 
was that you were trying last night?” 
Mr. Flatbush: “That's the goose step. 
Didn’t you ever see it?” Mrs. Flatbush: 
“I never saw a goose do it before.”— 
Yonkers Statesman. .. 
• •• . -: >r- . / '• F 
-.-v - f. 
Calves Like It Too! 
TOE ROCKWEILER 
I of Cazenovia, Wis., says:— 
^ “I raised the finest, largest, 
healthiest Holstein calves in 
Wisconsin on Unicom Dairy 
Ration.” 
Feed the calves on Unicorn. 
Feed the cows also if you 
want results and records. 
Send a 3c stamp for our new booklet, 
Dairyman’s Manual, which tells 
you how to make bi&&er profits. 
CHAPIN & CO., Dept. R, CHICAGO, ILL. 
' ’ :.. •• vr 
