1174 
in tive-shaking machine and .have a smooth product 
that does not appear to look like sour milk when a 
can is opened. While a standard of 0.1 S per cent is 
allowing plenty of leeway for the man producing low- 
testing milk, it is too low for a man with Guernsey 
or Jersey cows. As I have tried to explain, a sam¬ 
ple of fresh Jersey milk containing 0.2 per cent acid 
is no worse off for condensing purposes than a sam¬ 
ple of fresh Holstein milk containing 0.24 per cent 
acid. A condensery having a standard of 0.1S per 
cent acid for low-testing milk ought to allow 0.21 or 
0.22 per cent for high-testing mill:. As a matter cf 
fact, if the standard for the low-testing milk was 
strictly observed, even more acid in proportion could 
be allowed in the high-testing milk than in the low- 
testing, because the high-testing milk has a higher 
per cent of fat and total solids in it, and hence less 
water, and so does not have to he condensed as much 
as the low-testing milk. A simple example of this 
would he to take a 3.5 per cent milk and a 5 per cent 
milk. The standard for fat in condensed milk is 7.8 
per cent. Condensed milk usually contains about 8 
per cent fat. Hence S -f- 3.5 = 2.3 parts cf milk to 1 
part condensed for 3.5 per cent milk, and S -5- 5.0 = 
1.6 parts of milk to 1 part condensed for 5 per cent 
milk. There is no way of preventing this mineral 
acidity in milk when drawn from the cow, and no 
lawful method of preventing the development of 
lactic acid. Us development can, of course, he re¬ 
tarded by sanitary handling of the milk and keeping. 
it cold (50° F. or below). 
METHODS OF TESTING.—It might be of inter¬ 
est. for you to know what 0.18 per cent acid in milk 
means; or, in other words, how the test is made. 
The test consists of neutralizing the acid in the milk 
with an alkali in the presence of an indicator which 
determines when the point of neutrality has been 
reached. Acids and alkalies are substances that 
have entirely opposite chemical properti.es. The acid 
in milk gives it its sour taste, and for our purpose, 
illustrates very well what we mean by an acid. Or¬ 
dinary lime may he used to illustrate what we mean 
by an alkali. When lime is added to sour milk the 
acid unites with the lime, forming a neutral sub¬ 
stance which is neither alkaline nor acid. If we 
keep on adding lime to the milk we reach a point at 
which all the acid has combined with the lime. r I his 
is called the point of neutrality. The moment this 
point is passed it is made visible to the eye by means 
of the indicator (pbenolphthalein), which* if r color- 
less in the presence of an acid, hut pink in the pres¬ 
ence of an alkali. One drop of alkali added t.o.milk 
after the acid has been neutralized will turn it pink. 
I)i the tests used for milk and cream the alkali used 
is sodium hydroxide. This is made up of a definite 
strength, so that the amount of acid can be calculat¬ 
ed from the amount of alkali used. H - 
is the 
bloom, 
cially 
tue in 
1. 
O 
o 
«_>. 
4 
where 
Iht RURAL NEW-YORKER 
height in feet., then month m which they 
and the color last, with remarks where espe- 
needed, in reference to an eccentricity or vir- 
the species: 
Achillea ptarmica, 2 ft., June till frost, white. 
Agrostemma eoronaria, 3 ft., June-July, crimson. 
Alyssum saxatile compaction. 1 ft.., May, yellow. 
Aiiehusa Italica, 4-5 ft., May-June, blue; plant 
drainage is very good, especially during Winter. 
SfP v/rr yapp FQ& &4PN 
r> 
blue. 
6 
7 
tive 
popu 
K 
9 
Planting -for Corner of Lawn at Rear. Fig. 31,1 
Aquilegia Ileleme and ccerulea, 2 ft., May-June, 
. Aquilegia elirysantha, 2 ft., May-June, yellow. 
Aquilegia canadensis, 1% ft.. May, red; the na- 
roclc columbine. The Aquilegia is one of the most 
lar and beautiful garden flowers. 
Arabia alpina, 1 ft., May. white. 
Armoria rosea, 1 ft., all Summer, rose, 
trmeria alba, 1 ft . all Summei, white. - 
Asters Xovm Anglia*, 3-4 ft., Sept.-Oct., mixed 
to white. 
SUGGEST/OH FOR SIMPLE BORDER 
Beautifying the Home Surroundings 
Part III. 
A SELECTION OF PLANTS—Following is a list 
of hardy plants that are of comparative easy germin¬ 
ation and culture, the list not being a long one, but 
containing varieties of various colors, and blooming 
periods from very early in the Spring till frost in the 
Autumn. Some varieties will germinate in a few 
days, while others require several weeks’ time. 
Grouping for the best effect is an art highly devel¬ 
oped by specialists in landscape gardening. The best 
practice in this field, as outlined by an expert, may 
not please all flower lovers. One of tbe best methods 
to pursue is to grow' your plants, become familiar 
with their flowers, habits and eccentricities; then 
plant them as your individual taste suggests. There 
are color combinations that would appeal to one, 
that another may heartily detest. In the sketch ac¬ 
companying this article there are several sugges¬ 
tions as to arrangement that may be followed in 
whole or part, at the start; then another season it 
is an easy matter to rearrange the grouping of any 
portion that does not appeal to you, either for height, 
color combination or time of flowering. Many of 
these changes will suggest themselves as you imag¬ 
ine how one genus contrasts with another. After you 
see Alyssum saxatile compactum flowering Tn front 
of a planting of Aquilegia Helena*, or a long-spurred 
hybrid columbine, you will consider the contrast so 
beautiful that I-do not think you will want to sepa¬ 
rate these two. 
ARRANGEMENT OF LIST.—Plants attaining a 
height of 1 ft. or less can be planted about 10 to 12 
in. apart, and the tall-growing varieties 18 to 24 in., 
according to height. After severe frost, remove all 
dead portions of the plants before applying the 
mulch. Remove all flowering stems as soon as the 
bloom has faded, unless it is desired to save seed of 
any special variety. Following the names of plants 
Lawn and Plan ting in Front of I tonne. Fig. 31,8 
12. Bocconia cordata. 6 ft.. July-Aug., creamy white. 
13. Boltonia asteroides, o-7 ft., July-Aug.-Sept. 
14. Boltonia latisqunma, 4-0 ft., July-Aug. 
15 Campanulas, Canterbury bells, hardy biennials, 
seed sown in July will make flowing plants the fol¬ 
lowing season; C. media or medium mixed, 3 ft., .June- 
16. C. calycanthema, cup and saucer plant, 2 ft., 
J ul v-Aug. 
17. Candytuft, sempervirens, 6 in., May, white. 
18. Centaurea montana, 2 ft., July-Aug.-Sept., blue. 
19 Centaurea montana alba, July-Aug.-Sept., white. 
20. Hardy Chrysanthemums. 3-4 ft., Sept.-Oct. 
21. Coreopsis lanceolata, 2 ft., June till October. 
Orange Hall in Wayne Co., N. Y. Fig. 31,9 
(Fee Page 1115) 
09 
_ Delphinums, larkspur, one of the grandest and 
most popular garden flowers. 
23. Belladonna is the light blue and is the most 
popular variety, though the tall Gold Medal hybrids of 
deep blue shades are very stately and beautiful, grow¬ 
ing to a height of 7 ft. Belladonna blooms during June 
and early July, and will bloom again in Autumn if the 
flowering stems are removed soon as through blooming 
in the Spring. ., , . . , 
24. Digitalis (foxglove), beautiful old-fasluoned 
flowers, growing to a height of 3 ft. and blooming in 
June; mixed, white, purple, rose. 
25-26. Dictamnus Fraxiuella and D. b . alba, red and 
white ; germinate very slowly, and grow in the same man¬ 
ner, though after being established for a few seasons 
you will find them increasing in beauty each season 
August 0, 101S 
and will be very glad you were patient at the start in 
coaxing them into existence; should not be disturbed 
after planting into the permanent location. 
27. Dianthus (Sweet William), 18 in., June, mixed. 
28. Dicentra spectabilis (bleeding heart), 3 ft., June, 
pink. 
29. Eupatorium ageratoides, 3-4 ft.., Aug.-Sept., 
white; Eupatorium coelestinum, 2 ft., Aug.-Sept.-Oct , 
blue. 
30. Helianthus (hardy sunflower), 4-6 ft., July and 
August, yellow. 
31. I-Ioliopsis Fitcheriana, hardy orange sunflower, 3 
ft., Sept., orange. 
32. Hibiscus (mallow), 3-5 ft., July-Aug., crimson 
eye, pure white. 
33. Hibiscus (mallow), 3-5 ft., July-Aug., Golden 
Bowl, yellow. _ 
34. Hollyhocks, single and double mixed, 5-< ft.., 
July-Aug., various. 
35. Iris Kiempferi (Japanese Iris) ; these are va¬ 
rious shades from white to deep blue; bloom in June 
and July, and are beautiful and interesting garden sub¬ 
jects, well worthy of any effort that may be necessary to 
acquire a selection. The seed germinates rather slowly, 
thought it is not of difficult germination. 
36. Lychnis chalcedonica, 3 ft., June-July, brilliant 
scarlet. 
37. Lythrum roseum superbum, 3-4 ft., end of June, 
through July and August. . 
38. Oenothera (evening primrose), Miseouricnsis, 
1 ft., June-July-Aug., yellow. 
39. Oenothera speciosa, 18 in., June-July-Aug., 
white. . _ T . . 
40. Oenothera speciosa rosea, June-July-Aug., rose. 
41. Papaver orientale (oriental poppy), mixed, 2 ft., 
June-Jul.v, various. Poppies are beautiful and showy 
plants, the seed germinating very easily though they are 
very hard to transplant. A good method is to sow the 
seed in pots of soil treated with formaldehyde, as for¬ 
merly suggested ; then when large enough, plant in the 
permanent location and do not try to move them after 
they become established. Use small pots, about 2 in.,, 
and plunge the pot in the soil under the sash where you 
sow your other seed to keep the soil from drying out. 
42. Pentstemon barbatus Torreyi, 4 ft., June-July, 
scarlet. 
43. Physostegia Virginica, 3 ft., June-July, pink. 
44. Physostegia Virginica alba, 3 ft., June-July, 
white. 
45. Hardy garden pinks (the old-fashioned clove 
pink), mixed, May-June. 
46. Platycodon grandiflorum, 3 ft., July and August, 
blue. 
47. Platycodon grandiflorum album, July and Au¬ 
gust, white. 
48. Pyrethrum h.vbridum, single and double, mixed, 
2 ft., May, various. 
49. Rudbeckia Golden Glow, 5-6 ft., July-Aug.,Sept., 
yellow. 
50. Rudbeckia Newmani, 3 ft., orange. 
51. Rudbeckia purpurea, 3 ft., the best of the species, 
purple and orange. 
52. Salvia azurea (blue sage), 3-4 ft., Aug.-Sept., 
blue; a beautiful plant. 
43. Statice latifolia, 2 ft., July-Aug., purple. 
54. Gaillardia grandiflora, IS in.-2 ft., June till 
frost, mixed, various. 
55. Stokesia cyanea, IS in., June to September, blue. 
56. Stokesia alba, white. 
57. Thermopsis Caroliniana, 3 ft., June-July, yellow. 
58. Veronica longifolia, 3 ft., June-July, blue. 
59. Viola cornuta (hardy tufted pausy), 6 in., all 
seasons, various. The flowers are not quite as large as 
the pansy. The colors have a wide range and are very 
pleasing,* especially if the lighter shades are selected 
when planting. They are very satisfactory plants for 
the edge of the border. 
LAYING OUT THE GARDEN.— The accompany¬ 
ing figures, as already stated, are merely suggestive, 
and can be simplified to include only a few varieties 
or can be elaborated to include many varieties not 
mentioned here. Suggestions are made for the*- treat¬ 
ment of an outhouse at tbe rear of tbe dwelling, 
with walk arrangement to same, and also to tbe 
barn, while a similar sketch gives a few suggestions 
for the front of tbe bouse, with several individual 
border treatments. Where it is possible to do it, a 
very pleasing appearance can lie bad by laying tbe 
walks slightly curving instead of straight. A very 
serviceable walk can be made of irregular flat stones 
with grass joints, or tbe same kind of stone laid on 
a cinder foundation, with cement or sand joints. 
Brick, crushed stone, or cement, all make satisfac¬ 
tory walks. If made of cement they should not be 
4 to 8 in. in the air, as we see them some places, but 
the surface should be about 1 in. above tbe turf. 
THE PLEASURES OF LIFE.—Many readers, 
meu especially, who pretend that they consider flow¬ 
ers an entirely unnecessary encumbrance, may think 
tbe foregoing notes will entail a mountain of work 
for very doubtful results. To all such I would ear¬ 
nestly say, try it, and instead of discouraging tbe 
women and children in this labor of love, assist and 
encourage them in every manner you can, and note 
if eventually tbe entire family is not better con¬ 
tented, and happier, than when there was no mu¬ 
tual bond but bard work. A few flowers to care for, 
a few good books for which to acquire an interest 
and love, several good papers and magazines, and 
some kind of music for tbe end of a strenuous day, 
and surely it would be more like home should be. 
There would be some attraction there to enjoy, in¬ 
stead of just a bare bouse from which to get away 
whenever possible, and as far as tbe auto will carry 
you between working periods. I feel sure if these 
finer things of life were given just a little considera¬ 
tion on tbe farm, as they are almost invariably in 
tbe city, the children would be more contented on tbe 
f arm< liLMliB J. WEAVER, 
Lancaster Co., Pa. 
