THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 
79 
belongs properly to the palms and ferns. 
Stipes, a term used to express the base or trunk of a frons. 
Foliae, leaves, vital organs of the plant, whose office is to trans¬ 
pire and attract air, like the lungs of animals, and to afford shade, 
they are to be considered in three respects, viz. 
Simple, when there is only a single leaf on a petole. Leaves differ 
in respect to 
Circumscription, the form of their circumference, when there are 
no angles or sinuations. 
Angles, the prominent part of an horizontal leaf. 
Sinus, a hollow, is a term used to express the openings or cavities 
in leaves. 
Apices, the apex or tip, the extremity, or termination. 
Margin is the outermost boundary of the sides of a leaf exclusive 
of its disk. 
Substance of a leaf respects the conditions of its sides. 
Superfices, surface, is the outside or what covers the disk of the 
leaf, and respects both the supine disk or face of the leaf, and prone 
disk or back of it.* 
Compound.—A leaf is said to be compound when there are more 
than one on a petiole, they are to be considered in respect to 
Structure.—By the structure of a compound leaf is to be under¬ 
stood the insertion of the folioles, or lesser leaves, of which it is com¬ 
pounded. 
Degree—This term respects the subdivisions of the common petiole. 
Determinate.—By the determination of leaves is to be understood 
their character, expressed from some circumstance foreign to their 
own particular structure or configuration as from 
Their Place Their Insertion 
Their Situation Their Direction 
Fulcrae, props, which serve as stays to strengthen the plants, but 
may be taken off without destroying the plants. These have been 
described before. 
Hybernacula, winterings, each of which is a compendium of the 
herb upon the root before it begins to grow. These are the bulbs and 
buds described before. 
* Supine is what lies on its back or face upwards, and Prone the 
contrary. These terms are therefore well applied to the upper and 
under disk or face of a leaf. 
F. F. Ashford. 
