STUDY OF BOTANY. 
123 
ARTICLE VIII. 
THE STUDY OF THE SCIENCE OF BOTANY. 
BY F. F. ASHFORD. 
(Continued, from Volume II. page Id.) 
The next part of the vegetable which comes under consideration fs 
Fructification—by which we are to understand both the flower and 
fruit of plants, which cannot well he separated, for though the rudi¬ 
ment or first beginning is in the flower, of which it properly makes 
a part, Linneus defines the fructification to be a temporary part of 
of vegetables, allotted to generation terminating the old vegetable 
and beginning the new, it consists of seven principal kinds, viz. 
1 Calyx, empalement or flower cup, the termination of the cortex, 
or outer bark of the plant, which after accompanying the trunk or 
stem through all its branches, breaks out with the flower, and is pre¬ 
sent in the fructification in this new form. Its chief use is to inclose 
and protect the other parts ; it is of seven kinds, viz : 
1 Perianthemum, flower cup, when its station is close to the fruc¬ 
tification. It is either 
a P. fructificationis, when it includes the stamina and germen. 
b P. floris, containing the stamina without the germen, or 
c P. fructus, containing the germen but not the stamina. 
2. Involucrum, a cover, when stationed at the foot of a umbel, at 
a distance from the flower. This is either 
a I. universale, standing under the universal umbel. Or 
b I. partiale, standing under the partial or secondary umbel. 
3 Amentum, a catkin, when it proceeds from one common recep¬ 
tacle, resembling the chaff of an ear of corn. 
4 Spatha, a sheath, when it bursts forth lengthways, and puts 
forth a spadix, being either 
a S. univalvis, of one valve, opening on one side. 
b S. dimidiata, halved, the inner one covering the fructification, 
on one side, and the outer one on the other. 
5 Gluma, husk in grasses, when it folds over with its valves, and 
the sharp point or beard issuing from it is called an arista. 
6 Calyptra, a veil in mosses, where it is placed over the authera 
and is hooded like a monks cawl, being either 
a C. recta, straight, every where equal. 
b C. obliqua, oblique, bent on one side. 
