160 
PART II. 
HORTICULTURAL AND RURAL SUB.TECTS. 
REVIEWS AND EXTRACTS. 
ARTiciiE I .—Reviews of, and Extracts from, Works on 
Gardening, and Rural and Domestic Economy. 
].—A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden. By 
George Lindley, C.M.H.S. Edited by John Lindley, F.R.S. 
&c. 1 vol. 8 vo. I 65 . boards. 
{Concluded from page\\ 4 t) 
“Some fruits of excellent quality are bad bearers: this defect is remedied by a 
variety of different methods, such as, 1st, by ringing the hark 5 2nd, by bending 
branches doumivards', ZrA, by trainmg and 4 th, by the use of different kinds of 
stocks. All these practises are intended to produce exactly the same effect, by 
different ways. Physiolog’ists know, that whatever tends to cause a rapid diffusion 
of the sap and secretions of any plant, causes also the formation of leaf-buds instead 
of flower buds; and that whatever, on the contrary, tends to cause an accumula¬ 
tion of sap and secretions, has the effect of producing* flower-buds in abundance. 
In ringing fruit-trees, a cylinder of bark is cut from the branch, by which means 
the return of the elaborated juices from the leaves, down the bark, is cut off’; 
and all that would have been expended below the annular incision, is confined to 
the branch above it; this produces an accumulation of proper juice, and flower- 
buds or fertility are the results. But there is a defect in this practice, to which 
want of success, in many cases, is no doubt to be attributed. Although the 
returning fluid is found to accumulate above the annular incision, yet the ascend¬ 
ing sap flows along the alburnum, into the buds, with nearly as much rapidity as 
ever; so that the accumulation is but imperfectly produced. 
“On this account the 2 nd practice, of bending branches downwards, is found to be 
attended with more certain consequences. The efl’ect of turning the branches of 
a tree from their natural position, to a pendidous or a horizontal one is, to impede 
both the ascent and the descent of the fluids, in a gradual but certain manner. The 
tissue of which branches are composed, is certainly permeable to fluids, in every 
direction ; and there can be no doubt that the vital action of the vessels of a plant, 
is performed both in a natural and an inverted position. So long as that erect 
direction of the branches which is natural to them, is exactly maintained, the 
flow of their fl*aids being subject to no interruptions, will take place in the freest 
possible manner; but the moment this natural direction is deviatetl from, the ves¬ 
sels become more or less compressed, their action is impeded, and finally, if the 
inversion is perfect, it becomes so slow, that an accumulation of the proper juices 
necessarily takes place through every part of the system. 
“One of the objects of training, is, to produce the same effect. Branches are 
bent, more or less, from their naturally erect position. Their motion, in conse- 
