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PALAWAN. 
never in company with her males, on the sea-shore, but may be found also on the borders of 
the forest; she, like .the female of the orange male, differs entirely from her mate (the blue 
one), but closely imitates a species obnoxious to birds and other enemies by means of its 
disagreeable odour: this distasteful butterfly is Badena vulgaris (fam. Nymphalidce, fig. 1). 
Thus Ave have in one locality apparently a protected and an unprotected species living 
together, the species most protected through its female being most decidedly the rarest. 
I am much inclined to think that the “ Protective Resemblance ” theory of late has 
been made too much of, as I have never yet found in the tropics a protected species 
abundant. Some of our supposed highly-protected Papilios are excessively rare, when the 
crowds of Puploeas which they resemble are taken into account, and the hundreds of 
Papilios daily seen, such as P. sarpedon, P. helenus, P. demolion, and P. evemon. Birds, 
the supposed enemies of butterflies, seldom try to catch them : though these many hundreds 
of male Appias nero were under my observation for many days, and are an unprotected and 
conspicuous insect, I never once saw a bird of any sort make the least attempt to capture 
one. Now the greatest mortality in butterfly life will take place amongst the larvae and 
pupae, which must be and are attacked by many enemies, especially by other insects: 
it is here protection is wanted and must be obtained, either by the close resemblance of 
the larvae and pupae to their surroundings, or by some special armament, either by actual 
weapons, such as bristles or spikes, or by an offensive smell; the pupae also must be 
protected, either by hiding-places or strong cocoons. The most highly-protected first 
stages of the butterfly’s life must necessarily mean the most numerous perfect insects. 
My own opinion as to the marvellous resemblance of certain butterflies of now widely- 
distinct genera is that they only bear a resemblance to their ancestral type, and that it 
would be infinitely more important for the first forms of butterfly existence to receive 
protection than for the perfect insect; this is evident by the comparative rarity of 
“ mimics,” which should not seek to hide, but rather to flaunt themselves in the face of 
their enemies. 
In the accompanying plate will be seen a coloured figure, No. 1, of a well-known 
distasteful species of butterfly, and others which resemble it in colouring and pattern. The 
Panamas, the distasteful forms, it will be seen, are mimicked by members of some three or 
four families only, three of which I have figured, viz.: I. Papilioninm; 2. Pierince ; 
and 3. Satyrince. The first two groups are closely related to one another, while the third, 
Satyrince, is not very distant from Panaince itself, both belonging to the same family, the 
Nymphalidce. 
Fig. 1, Badena vulgaris , belongs to the Panaince , a group of butterflies distasteful to their 
enemies by reason of their strong odour and the juices of their bodies. The three genera 
lie stia, Puplcecc , and Panais are very tenacious of life: when tightly squeezed and placed 
apparently dead in collecting-papers, on opening these papers hours after the butterfly will 
be found strong enough to fly away again. The male of Euploea midamus, when on the 
Aving, often displays tAvo bright yelloAV silky tufts on either side of the sexual organ ; these 
tufts are Avithdrawn and may be noticed on dissecting cabinet specimens. The Avhole group 
are sloAv-flying, forest-frequenting, and gregarious. Hestia, hoAvever, which has also a sIoav 
flapping flight, is generally seen singly, flying some distance from the ground. Ilestici 
