PALAWAN. 
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leuconoe is closely imitated by Papilio idceoides, and the isolated spots on the wings of 
P. delesserti show an approach to Hestia daos. 
This group of Asiatic butterflies extends into Africa, and in Equatorial America is 
replaced by the Heliconidoe, the distasteful qualities and habits of all being similar. Now, 
Hestia, Hanais, and Euploea are said to be mimicked by the Papilios, an apparently widely- 
different family; they are also mimicked by Elymnias , a somewhat nearly-allied genus, by 
the female of Nepheronia lutescens (fig. 5), by Euripus euploeoides (fig. 2), more especially by 
the female of this species ; but by Papilio they are mimicked both in Africa and in America. 
So closely do some Papilios resemble the Hanainae that by the uninitiated they would be 
placed in the same drawer of a cabinet. 
The Hanaince may be divided into two groups : 1. Hanais, and 2. Euploea. Group 
No. 1 is composed of dull-colourecl semitransparent-winged insects marked as in fig. 1 : 
No. 2 of handsome dark-purple butterflies. Papilios imitate both Hanais and Euploea in a 
wonderful manner. P. macaristus, sp. nov. (fig. 3), mimics Iiaclena vulgaris (fig. 1); in the 
same way P. zanoa resembles Euploea midamus. 
Elymnias lais (No. 4) resembles somewhat the distasteful Hanais, but another species 
of the same genus, E. discrepans (a purple-coloured butterfly) resembles Euploea ledereri. 
Euripus euploeoides (fig. 2), as its specific name implies, more especially its female, 
which I have not figured, resembles Group No. 1, Hanais; while Euripus halitherses is a 
purple-coloured insect resembling Group 2, Euploea. 
Nepheronia lutescens (figs. 5, 6) resembles Hanais (Group 1) in its female only, and I 
do not think any species of Pierinae can be said to bear any resemblance to Group 2, 
Euploea, though some individuals of the genera Helias and Appias are very black. 
Thus we have Hanais mimicked by Papilio, Elymnias, Euripus, and Nepheronia 
(Pierinae), and a dark purple Euploea mimicked by the first three mentioned genera also. 
The divergence of markings and colouring of the two sexes of Nepheronia lutescens 
(figs. 5, 6) is most interesting. The female closely resembles the distasteful Hanais, and is 
supposed to receive protection by this mimicry : her mate is not in the least protected 
by this resemblance, and may be even considered a conspicuously coloured butterfly; but 
he is decidedly the most willing to display his unprotected self, and is for this reason 
apparently, if not actually, more numerous. Therefore I fail to see how the female benefits 
by her “ Protective Resemblance,” as she is afraid of showing herself. 
Ornithologists are well aware that many birds belonging to the same orders are 
perfectly distinct in markings and coloration and at times in their structure; but the 
young in their early stages, or the eggs, often reveal what the adult bird does not, viz. to 
which order it rightly belongs. The many circumstances in the struggle for existence that 
have left the marks of divergence from the ancestral type do not affect the eggs and young. 
Thus the nidification and the early stages of the young of the gorgeous Humming-bird are 
similar to those of the dull-coloured Swift, and next to that order these apparently very 
different Humming-birds have been placed by many writers. 
The Swift is the Euploea or Hanais, the dull-coloured Humming-birds the mimicking 
Papilios, and the highly ornamented gorgeous Humming-birds, which have departed further 
from the ancestral type, are like the spoon-and swallow-tailed Papilios : that is to say, 
