APPENDIX. 
207 
species, and it differs in the amount of red on the primary-coverts, the three species being easily 
distinguishable as follows :— 
a. Primary-coverts entirely crimson. con sanguineus. 
b. Primary-coverts only partially crimson. 
a 1 . Outer primary-coverts entirely black ; inner ones broadly edged with crimson . sanguinolentus. 
b 1 . Outer primary-coverts narrowly fringed with dull crimson ; inner ones entirely 
black. vulneratus. 
The young bird merely differs from the adult in being altogether duller black, with much less gloss. 
The breast-patch is very small, and the primary-coverts have only a slight reddish tinge at the end. 
[This Oriole was only met with on Kina Balu, and first made its appearance at an altitude of about 
3000 feet. It frequents only the higher trees and never leaves the forest. The nesting-season is 
apparently in February, as the females shot during that month had well-developed eggs in the ovaries, 
and a full-grown fledgling was procured early in March. Adults had the bill whitish cobalt, darker blue 
at the base ; feet darker blue, the soles yellowish.] 
Family Dicrurtda:. 
35. Chxbia borneensis, Sharpe. 
a , b, c. r 4 ad. Kina Balu, Jan. 1888. 
d. $ ad. Kina Balu, March 20, 1887. 
e, f. 3 ad. Kina Balu, April 1888. 
g, h. $ juv. Kina Balu, April 1888. 
[The iris is lake, hill and feet black. Like its relation Buchanga stigmatops , this Drongo prefers the 
neighbourhood of clearings made by man, where no doubt the food-supply is greater than in the thick 
forest. It frequents, however, the more open places in the latter up to about 5000 feet. I found several 
nests near the Dusun “ campongs ” containing two eggs, which were of a very pale salmon-pink, dotted 
all over with reddish spots and underlying grey spots and mottlings, chiefly collected near the larger end. 
Length Ll-1'15 in., diam. O’S-O^S. One nest was taken on the 20th of March, 1888, and another on 
the 20th of May. After the manner of Drongos the nest is placed at the end of a long bough at no great 
height from the ground ; it is a shallow structure, consisting of roots neatly twisted rounded the fork of a 
slender bough. Dusun name “ Limbas.’'’] 
36. Buchanga stigmatops, Sharpe. 
[Dusun name “ Mansaluium.” Iris lake ; hill and feet black. This bird is apparently confined to 
Kina Balu, but is not found much above 3000 feet. Like Ianthocinda treacheri it is one of the 
ornithological features of the lower slopes of the mountain, being much more plentiful about the Dusun 
villages and rice-fields than in the thick forest. Like the other species of this genus which have come 
under my notice in other countries, it is pugnacious in the extreme, attacking even big birds of prey like 
Spilornis bacha, if they approach too near the Drongo’s quarters. It has a wonderful power of changing 
its notes in imitation of those of other species, and I have often heard them calling out at night. At one 
of my camps a pair had a nest at the end of a very long bough in a high tree, which, again, overhung a 
steep river-bank. The nest contained two eggs on the Ith of April, which, as far as I could see, were 
wdiite, but all our attempts to reach them were in vain. This Drongo takes up its position on the edge 
of a small wood, and thence makes short flights after insects, often returning to the same spot.] 
37. Dissemurus brachyphorus (Bp.). 
[Frequents the lower boughs of the high jungle-trees. It has a wonderful bell-like note. Does not 
ascend Kina Balu.] 
Family PRiONOPiDiE. 
38. Tephrodornis gularis (Raffl.). 
[ $ ad.: iris brownish yellow; feet scaly brown; bill black. ? ad.: iris yellowish green. The 
young have the eye dark hazel. 
