ON GROWING FRUIT-TREES IN POTS. 
367 
what soil they do have should be of the best quality ; and, moreover, 
that it must be kept so by repeated refreshments of rich top-dressings, 
or with manured water. It is also necessary that the trees be dwarfed by 
art as much as possible. A tree may be dwarfed by merely confining 
its roots, or denying it a sufficiency of water. But there are other 
means of dwarfing a tree, which should be adopted, particularly in 
the management of peach, nectarine, and cherry trees intended to be 
forced. 
Besides the chief purpose of grafting and budding fruit-trees, which 
is the reproduction or increase of the kind, the operation is well known 
to have another effect, namely, correcting the natural luxuriance of the 
tree. A seedling grows with greater vigour, and ultimately arrives at 
greater magnitude, than a worked tree of the same kind. This is much 
more visible in some genera than in others. The wild seedling cherry, 
and its varieties, which are but slightly removed from the original, are 
immense trees, and greatly exceed, in size of bole and length of 
branches, the superior domestic varieties, which are preserved and 
increased by the art of budding and grafting ; so is the wild pear-tree, 
generally, larger than the cultivated varieties. This, however, does 
not hold in respect of the common apple, many of the cultivated 
varieties of which are more robust trees than the original crab of the 
woods and hedges, whence all the former have directly or indirectly 
sprung. Still, in this instance, we may infer that, if the wild sort 
received the same culture and care which is bestowed on the domesti¬ 
cated kinds, it would be equally luxuriant, and certainly much more 
durable, than any of its accidental descendants which have been 
worked. 
The same effects happen to all forest-trees and shrubs which are pro¬ 
pagated by grafting or budding. These operations appear to have a 
stinting effect on the inserted kind, disposing it to more moderate 
growth, and consequently earlier fruitfulness; and this, again, assists 
to check luxuriant growth, and causes a still more dwarfish habit. 
If, then, a single operation has the effect as above stated, repeating 
it on the same individual must have a double efficacy. It follows, 
therefore, that double-worked trees would be more suitable for cultiva¬ 
tion in pots, than such as are only once worked. 
Double-worked trees are seldom to be met with in public nurseries, 
because they are not ordinarily called for; but any nurseryman would 
provide them on receiving a special order, he charging, of course, a 
double price. Double grafting or budding is often practised in private 
gardens, and with the very best effects. We have ourselves done a 
great deal in this way, at various places. Old espalier, or wall-trees, 
