16S 
The RURAL. N E W - Y O R K F R 
January 24, 1020 
Grip on the Ground 
There is a feature of the Monarch 
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ground—which gives the maximum 
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3 
Live Stock Matters 
Conducted By Prof. F. C. Minkler 
Feeding Steers and Heifers 
have about 70 head of two-year-old 
steers and heifers which wo expect to fat¬ 
ten and put on the market next Spring 
and would like you to give us the most 
economical rations for these cattle. Cot¬ 
tonseed meal costs us $75 per ton ; corn, 
$1.70 per bu.: wheat bran. $48 per ton. 
We arc offered $ 1.20 per bushel for cot- 
| tonseed. Should we sell seed and buy cot¬ 
tonseed meal at $75? Should corn be 
ground? For roughage we have wheat 
straw, corn stover and our native grass 
that grows along branch and creek bot¬ 
toms. How does cottonseed meal com¬ 
pare in feeding value with corn and bran, 
pound for pound? We have about 50 
lieifers with first calf, and expect to let 
calves run with cows this Winter.^ Calves 
came last Summer. We have 50 one- 
year-old steers that we expect to carry 
over until next year. What rations 
would you recommend? We have some 
clover liny that we expect to feed to suck¬ 
ling calves. G. M. C. 
North Carolina. 
Cottonseed carries about 10 per cent of 
oil and nearly 20 per cent .of crude pro¬ 
tein. Formerly much of the ground cot¬ 
tonseed was fed to beef and dairy cattle 
throughout the South, but the present 
prices of oil make it more economical for 
a farmer to sell the cottonseed and buy 
the cottonseed meal in return, experi¬ 
ments show that 100 lbs. of the cottonseed 
meal would be equal in feeding value to 
250 lbs. of the ground cottonseed. Fur¬ 
thermore. the free oil in the ground cot¬ 
tonseed would be very apt to cause undue 
laxativeness among cattle on full feed. I 
would advise you. therefore, to sell your 
cottonseed at $1.20 a bushel of .32 lbs. and 
buy in return the cottonseed meal at $75 
a ton. 
For finishing steers it is not necessary 
to feed more than 2 lbs. of cottonseed per 
(lay for 1,000 lbs. of live weight. This 
figure has been quite definitely estab¬ 
lished as providing the amount best suit- 
i ed for feeding fattening steers. A com¬ 
bination, therefore, of cornmeal and cot¬ 
tonseed meal would best serve your pur- 
; pose. The cattle should be started on 4 
or 5 lbs. of grain per day. and the amount 
gradually increased until a 1.000-lb. steer 
would be eating 2 lbs. of cottonseed meal 
and 15 lbs. of corn per day at the end of 
30 days. After the cattle are on full feed 
they should be given all of the corn that 
they will clean up twice daily and, as 
suggested above, they should he fed not 
more than 2 lbs. of cottonseed meal per 
day for each 1,000 lbs. of live weight. 
They will not consume a great deal of 
roughage, but they should be provided 
i with all that they desire. T would not 
! include any wheat bran in this ration for 
mature steers. It would not contribute 
either protein or carbohydrate at an eco¬ 
nomical price per cwt.. and with the 
roughage you have at hand it would not 
be necessary as a source of bulk. 
To answer your question as to the com¬ 
parative feeding value of cottonseed meal, 
corn and wheat bran. 100 lbs. of corn will 
yield 85.7 lbs. of digestible uutrieuts as 
against 78 2 for 100 lbs. of cottonseed, 
and 00.9 for wheat bran. You are re¬ 
minded, however, that the corn contrib¬ 
utes largely carbohydrates, the cottonseed 
chiefly protein, while the wheat bran does 
not provide either of these materials as 
economically as does the corn or cotton¬ 
seed meal. If the corn is well matured it 
could be shelled and fed in this form, or 
if you have hogs to follow the cattle the 
ears could be broken and fed in this way. 
If the corn could be ground into a caorse 
meal the consumption would he increased 
and the material be made from 6 to 8 per 
cent more digestible. 
For the 50 heifers with first calves I 
slnndd let them have access to all of the 
roughage they would clean up, and feed 
them a mixture of seven parts of corn, 
two parts of bran, and one part of cotton¬ 
seed meal. Enough of this grain should 
be supplied to keep the animals in a good 
thrifty condition. For the yearling steers 
I would use chiefly corn and cottonseed 
meal if I did not have silage. I should 
not feed them very much grain, say 4 lbs. 
per day for a 750-lb. steer, with all of the 
roughage, including corn fodder, that they 
would consume. It is possible that you 
have available some other mill feeds that 
would provide an economical source of 
digestible nutrients; but since you men- 
Feeding Value of Cow 
I follow your rations for cows, and 
would like you to criticize the following 
one. Why do you use so much cornmeal 
in your rations? Is it because to most in 
the States it is a cheap form of carbo¬ 
hydrates? I thought where the margin 
of profit was small then most experts in¬ 
clined to much silage, or Swedes, man¬ 
gels. etc., with hay and a fair quantity of 
highly concentrated feeds, such as cotton¬ 
seed. gluten or oilmeal. Where freights 
are high the low-grade feeds rank in the 
same class as low-grade fertilizers, do 
they not? Good feed flour. $4.25 per 
cwt.: barley meal. $4; white middlings. 
$3.75: shorts, $3.25: bran. $2.85: good 
oats. 100 lbs.. $.2,50: no cornmeal. One 
pound cottonseed, 1 lb. linseed. 1 lb. bar¬ 
ley. 2 lb«. white middlings. Probably I 
should take oats and grind them in place 
of barley. J. b. 
Nova Scotia. 
Perhaps you fail to realize that corn is 
the principal crop available for use in 
this country, and that it is possible to 
produce from an acre of corn more di¬ 
gestible dry matter than can be secured 
from any other crop. This is why it is 
always prudent to include a generous 
amount of corn or homiuy meal in our 
feeding mixtures for live stock. 
I seldom suggest that over 15 per cent. 
of a ration consist of wheat bran unless 
the mixture is intended'’for animals in 
young that particularly demand the phos¬ 
phates and mineral matter so generously 
provided by wheat bran. In the last an¬ 
alysis you will find that wheat bran is 
an expensive source of food nutrients, as 
it supplies neither protein nor carbo¬ 
hydrate at the most economical price per 
unit of digestible material. 
There is very little difference in the 
feeding value of a pound of barley and a 
pound of corn. In fact, throughout the 
Western States, where corn is not pro¬ 
duced. barley grows extenisvely. and the 
chief bulk of their market animals are 
fed a ration consisting chiefly of barley 
and oats. It is true that corn was largely 
exported during the war. due perhaps to 
its excellent keeping qualities and the fact 
that it could he shipped in large quanti¬ 
ties without danger from loss or damage. 
Under such conditions it was necessary 
for us to limit the use of corn, for it was 
so well adapted to use in feeding hmuaus 
that it was essential that live stock be fed 
wherever possible from other sources. 
Under your conditions it would be nec¬ 
essary to substitute the barley for the 
cornmeal. Sixty pounds of swedes and 
10 lbs. of hay per day would not bo ex¬ 
cessive, and it would he well to let the 
dairy cows have all of the straw that they 
would clean up without waste. However, 
in any ration consisting largely of swedes, 
hay and oat straw. I am inclined to sug¬ 
gest the use of a generous amount of oil 
cake in order to provide protein in some 
concentrated and palatable form. Usually 
it is possible to stibstitute oats in any 
mixture where barley is not at hand. yet. 
there is much to be said in favor of utiliz¬ 
ing both oats and barley iu combination 
when they are available. 
The ration that you have suggested 
would show an excessive amount of pro¬ 
tein. and I should favor increasing the 
amount of oats and barley and reducing 
the amount of cottonseed meal. I should 
feed as much linseed meal as you have 
suggested, but cut the cottonseed in half. 
The addition of bran would add safety to 
the ration, and you could well afford to 
feed half as much bran as you feed ground 
oats. 
Ration With Shredded Fodder 
I have silage, shredded corn fodder and 
a limited.,amount of alfalfa, and for grain 
feed have corn, barley, buckwheat, and 
can buy wheat bran and oilmeal or cotton¬ 
seed meal. J. P. L. 
New York. 
I am assuming that you are desirous of 
obtaining a ration for dairy cows. The 
cows should be given all of the silage they 
would clean up with relish twice daily 
and all the shredded corn fodder that 
they will clean up during the middle of the 
day. If the animals could be given access 
to the corn fodder w hen they are running 
out in the yard the\ would pick over and 
eat considerable of this roughage. The 
Alfalfa could be fed during the middle of 
the day. or a small quantity could be 
given after the silage is cleaned up morn¬ 
ing and evening. Utilizing the grains that 
you have enumerated I would feed one 
pound of the following grain mixture for 
each 3 lbs. of milk produced per cow per 
day: 400 lbs. of corn and cob meal. 200 
lbs. of ground barley. 200 lbs. of buck¬ 
wheat, 100 lbs. of wheat bran. 200 lbs. 
of oilmeal. 100 lbs. of cottonseed meal. 
Four hundred pounds of gluten could he 
substituted for both the oilmeal and the 
cottonseed meal, and it would provide the 
protein more economically. 
Feeding Buckwheat and Gluten 
I wish to mix a ration with ground 
oats, ground buckwheat and gluten feed. 
Gan you suggest any other feed to mix 
with it? What kind of feed is best for 
small pigs? Our pigs do not like mid¬ 
dlings. P. F. D. 
For dairy cows in milk it would be 
appropriate to utilize equal parts of 
ground oats, ground buckwheat and gluten 
meal. The addition of some wheat bran 
and some corn or some hominy meal 
would add to the variety and increase the 
palatability of the ratiou. In finished 
form a useful mixture would be as fol¬ 
lows: 300 lbs. of ground oats, 300 lbs. 
of ground buckwheat. 200 lbs. of gluten, 
100 lbs. of wheat bran. 200 lbs. of corn- 
meal. 100 lbs. of oilmeal. 
White middlings alone are scarcely 
palatable for even young pigs, and you 
will find the follow ing combination more 
to their liking: 300 lbs. of wheat mid¬ 
dlings. 100 lbs. of ground oats. 50 lbs. of 
cornmeal. 35 lbs. of digester tankage. 
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