592 
Iht RURAL. NEW-YORKER 
Orchard Surgery 
PART II. 
Cavities are injurious to the health 
of a tree, aiid weaken a tree so that it 
easily breaks in a storm or under a heavy 
crop of fruit. These cavities should have 
all the decayed wood cut out of them 
with chisels and gouges. When all the 
decayed wood has been removed and good 
live wood is brought to light, the cavity 
should be disinfected with bichloride 
(1-10001. This will tend to prevent the 
rot from starting again. When dry the 
inside of the cavity should be painted 
with a good paint. Nails driven part 
way in at advantageous points will help 
to hold the cement. A ring of nails 
about 2 in. apart inside of the outer part 
of the cavity will prevent the tree from 
pulling away from the cement. If the 
opening of a cavity is a long, narrow 
one, bolts should be placed in about one 
foot apart horizontally across the tree, 
about 3 in. back of opening. Enough 
bark and wood should be cut away to 
permit the bolt to set flush against the 
tree, and paint the injury. Cement 
mixed one part of cement to two parts of 
clean, sharp sand, with just enough water 
added to make it lumpy, is most com¬ 
monly used as a filler. The cement 
should not be placed any farther than 
flush with the outside of the wood, just 
so the bark may roll over it. If the 
cavity is a long one. the cement should be 
placed in layers of <! in. to 8 in. with a 
piece of tar paper between each layer. 
The layers should slope towards the out¬ 
side of the cavity to permit of easy drain¬ 
age.' The tar paper is cut to fit the 
shape of the slope, and allow for expan¬ 
sion and contraction of the cement, and 
prevents cracking. The cement should 
be packed frequently while placing, and 
when placed should be rubbed with a 
pointed trowel until a smooth surface is 
made. 
Weak Crotches.— These often cause 
a tree to be ruined under a heavy load of 
fruit, due to crotches splitting in half. 
A hole should be drilled through each 
branch of the weak crotch with a brace 
a hook on one end and a washer and 
nut on the other end provides the most 
satisfactory means for bracing. The 
bolts are now placed in the holes, hooks 
towards the center of the tree, and the 
nuts and washers towards the outside of 
the tree. Cut enough bark and wood 
away to allow the washer to set firmly 
against the limbs, and paint: then place 
the nuts and washers on loosely, and 
draw the chain or heavy wire as tightly 
ns possible over the hook ends of the 
bolts and tighten the nuts. 
March 20, 1920 
Summer these spores from the fungi and 
the bacteria attack the fruit crop. The 
principal fungi contained in cankers are 
black rot and bitter rot. and the most 
important bacterium is fire blight. 
These cankers should be cleaned out with 
a scraper or some other convenient tool 
until clean wood is exposed, and bark cut 
back to live tissue all around the canker. 
Point both ends, of the work so that 
water will not lie in it and cause rot. 
Then disinfect the work with bichloride 
(1-1000), and when dry paint with a 
good paint. The tools should be disin¬ 
fected before starting to work on a new 
canker, in order that they will not spread 
the diseases. Most of the rotting is by 
spores contained in certain cankers and 
others harbor fire-blight bacteria, so it is 
a wise practice to remove all cankers. 
The above-mentioned practices may be 
done by anyone of ordinary intelligence 
who has a good' practical knowledge of 
tree growth. An apple tree bearing from 
three to 12 barrels of fruit annually is 
certainly a profitable investment at the 
present time. Like a cow or horse, it 
may become sack, and if not treated prop¬ 
erly or not treated at all may be ruined. 
It is an old adage which says: “A stitch 
in time save nine.” So with an apple 
tree; if the proper treatment is given at 
the right time, the results may give a 
nine-fold yield of fruit. 
JOSEPH R. FRENCH. 
WANT TO KNOW 
Bog Shoes for Horses 
Are hog shoes for horses practical on 
wet meadows, and where can they be 
purchased? b. t. 
Swanzey, N. H. 
We have heard varying reports about 
the use of these bog shoes. We would 
like notes of experience, describing the 
kind of shoe used. 
Suction Cleaner for Cistern 
Can anyone tell me where to get a suc¬ 
tion or vacuum cleaner for cleaning out 
a cistern? I have heard of such an im¬ 
plement. but cannot find it here. D. s. 
A Small Cavity Filled 
and bit. The holes should be bored in 
such a manner that the branches may be 
connected with chain or heavy wire. A 
bolt made at the country blacksmith with 
Hoic a Long Cavity is Jlandled 
Cankers. —These reduce the yield of 
fruit probably more than any other dis¬ 
ease known. They harbor fungi and 
bacteria over the Winter, and in the 
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COLD 
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DESCENDING 
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CORRUCATTD TIN 
In Every Corner of the House 
Warm, healthful furnace heat can be had day and 
night—in every corner of the house —burning wood 
in one central heating plant, placed in the cellar 
where it belongs. 
Wood in many localities is the only fuel, or cheapest and 
handiest. Most every farm has a wood lot. Dead and down 
wood can be profitably used for furnace heat. Instead of ex¬ 
pensive coal, drawn from distant places, burn wood in an 
inTERUdTiondL 
Wood Burhihc 
OtlEPIPE HE4TER 
A scientific heater like the famous all-fuel burning Inter¬ 
national Onepipe. 
This one, however, has a larger, longer fire box, with bigger 
feed door to take big chunks of wood. It is easy to regulate 
for a quick, hot fire, or a slow medium fire. 
Needs attention only a few times a day. Keeps fire over 
night and operates like the regular International Onepipe, 
keeping the cellar cool as ever. 
Send for special catalog if you want to burn wood only. 
Ask for “regular” catalog if you want to use any 
other or all kinds of fuel. 
InTERn/mon/iL 
He/tter Corop/my 
Makers of Boilers, Furnaces 
and Onepipe Heaters 
6-26 Monroe St. 
Utica, N. Y. 
Position Wanted 
Giant Farm Hand 
Specialist in taking out stumps 
by the roots, digging ditches 
wholesale, moving hills, and 
general heavy work. Strong 
as a thousand men. 
Send for 
Red Cross Dynamite 
I have helped thousands of 
farmers to clear their land of 
stumps and boulders, to 
smooth the way for plow and 
tractor, to drain off swampy 
areas. I have hundreds of 
testimonials showing that I 
am a faithful, tireless and safe 
workerforthe good of the land 
— and my services are very 
cheap. I want neither food 
nor water, nor will I ever ask 
for a day off. 
Put the Giant Farm Hand to work 
for you. If your project warrants, 
we will send a demonstrator to 
show you the easiest and cheapest 
way to do your work. 
In any case, find out what the 
Giant Farm Hand can do for you 
—and how. Write for "Handbook 
of Explosives” today. 
E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8C Company, Inc. 
Sales Dept . : Explosives Division 
WILMINGTON DELAWARE 
