The RURAL. NEW-YORKER 
603 
Farm Mechanics 
Power from Water Wheel 
Fig. 159 shows an upright water wheel. 
Is it as efficient and economical on water 
as any? There are wooden followers that 
Vo on each side of the wheel. It is 6 ins. 
thick. 
IIow large a wheel is the proper size to 
develop one horsepower with an 8-ft. head 
of water? This wheel has a sheet iron 
drum, so I could cut it in two and make 
it 3 ins. thick. How much more head 
would I need to develop 2% horsepower 
with the same wheel that will develop one 
horsepower with an S-ft. head? 
Kennedy, N. Y. R. G. 
It is a well-recognized principle of 
hydraulics that in order to obtain the 
greatest power from a stream of water it 
must enter the wheel smoothly and with¬ 
out shock and leave it dead—its velocity 
must all be absorbed within the wheel. To 
obtain this result the vanes of the wheel 
must be shaped to a carefully designed 
curve, irregular in shape, and must be 
smooth as well, to lessen friction as the 
Jack Frost away from his tender plant 
babies. And the market gardener has 
his share of trouble trying to keep the 
hotbeds true to name and the cold frames 
out of the frost. It is a hard life and 
a bitter struggle. All hands must get on 
the job if the crop is to be saveed. FigloO 
shows a farmerette out with the pitchfork 
putting on the straw blanket. It is a 
fierce fight this year. 
Piping Water from Spring 
I read on page 288 the article about 
piping water to stable. I am in favor 
of it when one has a spring, as was men¬ 
tioned. but I should be very much 
against putting in a tank about on a 
level with water in the spring, with upper 
edge of tank a few inches above the 
level of water in the spring, to prevent 
overflow of tank. If tank is placed that 
way, there will be times when the water 
Covering the Glass. 
water passes through the wheel. This 
condition cannot be obtained with a wood 
wheel, and I would not expect the wheel 
shown in the sketch to be either efficient 
or economical in the use of water. If 
plenty of water is available it might be 
used, but if the water must be used to 
the fullest extent possible it would not be 
satisfactory. 
In determining the power output of a 
wheel other factors must be considered be¬ 
side the diameter of the wheel and the 
head of water over it. It is necessary to 
know the quantity of water passing 
through the wheel as well. One manufac¬ 
turer rates a 10-in. wheel as delivering a 
little more than one horsepower when 
operating under an 8-ft. head, running at 
340 1 -evolutions per minute and using 112 
cubic feet of water in the same length of 
time. 
With the same quantity of water used 
the horsepower developed is directly pro¬ 
portional to the head. A weight falling 
two feet will develop a certain amount of 
energy. If it is dropped twice as far 
twice as much energy will be released, 
etc. Following this line of reasoning a 
20-ft. head would be indicated as neces¬ 
sary to develop 2% horsepower if eight 
feet were required to secure one horse¬ 
power. In the case of the turbine wheel, 
however, this is not quite true, because 
of the fact that more water will flow 
through a given wheel under a high head 
than under a low, because the pressure 
due to the weight of water above, is in¬ 
creased on the openings in the wheel. 
Consequently if the stream is able to fur¬ 
nish the water the 2^4 horsepower could 
be obtained with a fall of 13 feet. The 
same manufacturer quoted above rating 
his 10-in. wheel under a fall of 13 feet 
at a little more than 2*4 horsepower, the 
wheel when used under this condition, 
running at 433 revolutions per minute 
and using water at the rate of 141 cubic 
feet per minute. 
For small powers of this kind the over¬ 
shot wheels have many advantages. They 
are especially good where the volume of 
the stream is not constant, getting all of 
the power out of the water when there is 
little of it. At periods of low water the 
turbine is not so good at this. The over¬ 
shot wheel harnesses the energy of the 
water by having it carried in buckets on 
its circumference, utilizing its weight as 
it falls. r. h. s. 
Protection for the Frames 
These are the anxious days (and 
nights) when the florist and gardener 
lose sleep and nerve force. Many a man 
is routed out of bed at midnight to help 
feed the fire and keep up the temperature 
in the greenhouse. The dairyman may 
think he has a hard life in this weather, 
but his life is a dream beside the heart¬ 
breaking struggle of the florist to keep 
Frost is Coming. Fig. 158. 
in pipe will stand still, and there will be 
great danger from freezing, and that 10 
or 12-ft. fall that there is between 
spring and barn is reduced to a few 
inches just so far as the water is drawn 
down in the tank. There will be so lit¬ 
tle fall that in a few years the pipe 
would clog and make trouble. I would 
prefer the 1-in. pipe, because it will not 
clog as quickly as smaller, although the 
%-in. will carry plenty of water for quite 
n number of years. I think one should 
have a storage tank at least four feet 
below the water in spring, and I should 
make it more if I could, and have tank 
supplied with a waste pipe, and let water 
lam all of the time. If pipe is put down 
four feet there will be very little danger 
from freezing. I have had more than 35 
years’ experience in piping water to 
house and barn. a. a. f. 
Wadhams, N. Y. 
Ticks 
I have a flock of sheep, and they have 
so many ticks that they are losing their 
wool. On account of cold weather I can¬ 
not use a dip. What vo»ld be good for 
them ? M. J. F. 
New York. 
Apply fresh ground insect powder freely 
to the infested parts as often as found 
necessary, or apply a mixture of two parts 
of pyrethrum powder and one part each 
of finely powdered tobacco leaves and 
flowers of sulphur. In future have sheep 
dipped often enough to have them go into 
winter quarters free of ticks. 
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Blasting digs the ditch that 
hand labor finds too costly 
Thousands of acres now yielding good 
crops would still be swamps but for the 
ditches that were made possible only by 
blasting. 
The Atlas way is the modern, quick, 
cheap and easy way of making ditches. 
Read what H. B. YVeaver, of Burlington, 
N. J., says about blasting a 2600-foot 
ditch: 
A ditch blown on my place with Atlas Powder has been 
Tery satisfactory. It was run about 2600 feet in meadow 
bottom which before redemption was a swamp of cedars* 
maples, etc. To have run this same ditch by hand would 
have entailed such enormous expense as to make it prac¬ 
tically prohibitive. 1 * 
The chapter, “Better Blasting of Ditches,” in 
our book, “Better Farming with Atlas Farm 
Powder,” tells and shows how to blast ditches. 
It also tells how to remove stumps, plant trees, 
subsoil land, etc. The book is free. Write for it. 
ATLAS POWDER COMPANY 
Division IINIO, Philadelphia, Penna. 
Dealer* everywhere Magazine* near you 
