** '• — %r . M •> V, 4fc *# 3 t«f? 
0^ RURAL NEW-YORKER 
t ov 
893 
Things to Eat 
The Canning of Fish Under Steam 
Pressure 
Part I. 
Method Employed. —Fish may be 
easily anti safely canned, under steam 
pressure. The whole object in canning 
food is to make it keep by destroying in¬ 
jurious micro-organisms whose decompo¬ 
sition produces ptomaines. The tempera¬ 
ture of boiling water is 212° F., no mat¬ 
ter how furious the commotion made in 
boiling. This degree of heat is not suffi¬ 
cient to destroy the injurious micro-or¬ 
ganisms which may develop in fish, hence 
the wash-boiler or hot water method of 
canning is dangerous. Nor does it give 
an appetizing result, for, even when the 
product does not actually spoil, it is apt 
to be tasteless and mushy. For safety a 
temperature of 250° F. is necessary in 
canning fish, and this can be satisfactorily 
attained only by steam under pressure. 
Apparatus Required. —The process of 
pressure canning is simple. It requires a 
retort, tight enough to prevent the escape 
of steam, and heavy enough to withstand 
the pressure. It should be provided with 
a safety valve and steam gauge, and it is 
better that it also have a petcock. That 
is all there is to it, except the accessories 
for convenience in manipulating. An out¬ 
fit could be made to order, but it would 
probably prove as expensive as to buy 
one, and less satisfactory. The initial 
cost is rather high. It is saved several 
times over in a single season’s use. how¬ 
ever. My canner is cylindrical in shape 
and has a capacity of 14 pints, or 10 
quarts. (I use glass jars.) It has a 
gasket-fitted cover, which clamps on tight¬ 
ly. The valve and gauge are on the 
cover; the petcock is on the canner. There 
are two galvanized perforated trays to 
hold the jars and a metal ring for the 
lower tray to stand on. The second tray 
is placed on top of the jars in the lower 
tray. It is therefore necessary that jars 
of one height only be put in the lower 
tray or the top tray will wabble. It is 
not necessary that the jars in the top 
tray be of an exact height. Screw top 
jars are slightly lower than the spring 
top. It is not advisable to can pints and 
quarts together, as they require different 
periods of time. 
Types of Fish.—I will consider only 
those fish that are found in this locality 
and with which I am familiar, and for 
convenience will divide them into classes. 
The instructions will apply to fish of kin¬ 
dred types found elsewhere. 
Class 1. Herring, shad, mud or Win¬ 
ter shad and mullet. 
Class 2. Bass, whitefish, perch, din¬ 
ner, sunfish and rockfish. 
Class 3. Pike, pickerel, carp and 
drumfish. 
Class 4. 
ft. 
Class 
Class 6. 
Class 7. 
Catfish. 
Eele. 
Crabs. 
. Smelts. 
Pressure canning is especially desirable 
for fish of Class 1. They abound in 
bones, rendering the eating of them, after 
an ordinary cooking, a not unmixed pleas¬ 
ure. At a high temperature, under pres¬ 
sure, the bones become soft and edible. 
»* s , res ult alone makes pressure canning 
of fish worth while. 
Preparing the Fish.— Only perfectly 
ireslii fish should be canned, and they 
should be cleaned and the entrails re- 
movod as soon as possible. Scale and cut 
oft heads, tails and fins of fish of Classes 
1 and _. Skin fish of Classes 3, 4 and 5. 
hen put fish of any of the above classes 
in a brine, made in the proportion of 1 lb. 
salt to a gallon of water, and leave for 
f 0 ui 0 U J' S ’ JL n a co °l place, to draw out 
uie blood. Drain and rinse in cold water. 
*J„ur lre J . ars by cleaning thoroughly and 
scalding nist before using. Dip rubbers 
into boiling water and adjust to jars. 
, Into J ; irs whole fish that are small 
W , ’ aU * rn , atin S head end and tail end 
i ■ .but larger fish into convenient 
Thnl P,e -n S , and pack tightly into jars, 
tilul m 1 be some shrinkage, so the 
ii tw r n? e p ?. ek tho better - p »t iu salt 
, ln .i Proportion of a teaspoon to a quart 
inost olr^YVi ^ 1 boiling water, seal al- 
ompletely and load into trays. 
bim?n°i. KIN u ^'—Place the canner over a 
dmiiKr fh«° re ■ lt , ca ? remain undisturbed 
Sim £*i P ?r iod canning. In replen- 
not disturb wood or coal is ^ed, do 
fans 2 , th r ea ' ule1 '- as jarring the 
abofo f d be d'sastrous. Put 1 in. (or 
before n' : !c S) ( . ,f wator in the can- 
water lhonm ,ttl,lg 011 the firc - This 
turo of t,, approximate the tempera- 
boiling water rS ’-u hlC ^ though filled with 
of the ooiri c v V1 ii only he warm because 
fanner 2 > b - Pot tb,> metal ring in 
both travs Se 5 the f iar ' fillod trays. When 
the cover «, f i la plae «j carefully adjust 
hot tightening o screw f i°wn the clamps, 
but aUernatiL / ? De c ' ,n ipletely at first, 
then another a ,.f. ew ,turns to one and 
thoroughly H’o.iV ntl i al L tbe fiaiups are 
iaiurv to the® IT?' T This is to avoid 
Partly open until k nli *£ av ? tbo P p tcock 
and a faint i . ,! 1 oold air is expelled 
isvisib,c; 
'veighUn the°le PREasErR E- — A sliding 
temperature of 250° F. (15 lbs. pres¬ 
sure). For this, the weight should be 
placed about % in. from the. end of the 
lever. A little experience and careful 
observation will make you expert in set¬ 
ting the gauge. This is important, as a 
fluctuation in temperature tends to draw 
the liquid from the jars. When the pres¬ 
sure for which the gauge is set is reached 
all excess steam generated is automatic¬ 
ally blown off. It will take some time for 
the canner to heat. Too rapid heating 
also tends to draw off the liquid. 
Watcii the Cooking. —Watch for the 
first appearance of steam from the pet- 
cook. then close it completely and begin 
to watch the dial of the gauge. When 15 
lbs. pressure, or 250°, is reached, com¬ 
mence to count time. If the pressure 
runs above 15 lbs. your gauge is set too 
high, and you should slide the weight on 
your lever in. If steam begins to blow 
ofi before 15 lbs. is reached, the gauge is 
set too low and you should slide the 
weight out. 
For fish of Classes 1 and 2. process: 
T _ Pressure 
Half-pint jars. 30 min. at 250° F. 15 lbs. 
Pint jars. 45 min. at 250° F. 15 lbs. 
Quart jars-60 min. at 250° F. 15 lbs. 
For fish of Classes, 3, 4 and 5, process: 
TT . Pressure 
Half-pint jars. 45 min. at 240° F. 10 lbs. 
Pint jars. GO min. at 240° F. 10 lbs. 
Quarts jars .. 75 min. at 240° F. 10 lbs. 
The End of the Process. —When the 
allotted time has elapsed, turn off the 
heat if you are using gas or oil. If wood 
or coal, slide the canner very gently on to 
a cool part of the range. Watch the dial 
and when it registers zero, very grad¬ 
ually open the petcock. When you are 
satisfied that all the steam has escaped, 
remove cover of canner. and take out top 
tray, being careful to avoid drafts. Quick¬ 
ly complete seal by tightening the tops of 
jars, and invert them to test for leaks. I 
have found that if a faulty or broken rub¬ 
ber is very quickly replaced by a good 
one that has been dipped in boiling water, 
avoiding as much as possible the admis¬ 
sion of cold air, no apparent harm is 
done, and the contents of the jar will 
keep. As a precaution, it is well to use 
such jars first, however. 
Storing Away. —Leave the jars in¬ 
verted until cool, then turn upright and 
allow to become perfectly cold. Wipe 
gently with a damp cloth, taking every 
care to avoid touching the rubber or the 
joint formed by the jar aud top. Any 
liquid which may have oozed around the 
rubber will^ harden and help to perfect 
the seal. Never lift a jar by its top. or 
touch the rubber iu handling. Wrap 
jars in paper to exclude light, and store 
in a dark, dry place, where they will not 
freeze. It is a good plan to restore the 
filled jars to the cartous from which they 
were taken. You now have on hand a 
pleasure, in a variety of ways, reheating 
being the only additional cooking neces¬ 
sary. 
MRS. FRANKLIN T. CHAMBERLAIN. 
Subscribers’ Exchange 
Other Advertisements of Subscribers* 
Exchange will be found on page 895 , 
IMMEDIATE POSSESSION—175-aore dairy farm 
*’ miles from Oxford; raises good crops; good 
creek-watered pasture; fine Ill-room house in 
good repair; good basement barn, 30x00: good 
henhouse, 1 Sx 24; new voodhouse; other out¬ 
buildings; good water; some fruit: price $5,000, 
part cash: stock and tools if desired. M. H 
TILLOTS0N, Oxford, Cheu. Co., N. Y. 
FARM 1 Olt SALE—70 acres; 20 acres early 
trucking land; one mile to railroad: 12 miles 
J,*} cities; good roads; good markets: 
$4,000, half cash, takes everything—stock, tools, 
seeds, fertilizers, growing crops. Write OWNER, 
Box 204, Broadalbin, N. Y. 
l'OR SALE—Or exchange considered for larger 
tarm: 23 Vj acres; 10-room house, Kewanee 
water system, hath, heat; new bam; small lake; 
en State road: $15,000; commute in hour to New 
York. ADVERTISER 0932, care Rural New- 
l orker. 
I CAN GET NO HELP—Will sell half interest 
in the finest farm in tills section to a good 
working farmer, cither single or married, but 
no small children; 73 acres of good land; will 
grow clover, Alfalfa; 10 acres of sweet pota¬ 
toes will net $1,000; three acres strawberries. 
$1,800; early cucumbers and cantaloupes, $300 
per aero: land is very early; have five acres of 
oats; white potatoes planted now; plowing for 
cantaloupes and cucumbers now: middle-aged 
owner and wife, both strong and healthy and 
alone, but need help: have beautiful home on 
State macadam road from Philadelphia and 
Baltimore to Ocean City; good markets; will 
sell half interest in land; stock and tools worth 
$1,200; buildings. $4,000: laud selling for $100 
per acre adjoining: $3,500 takes half interest: 
cash required $2,250. Address HOLLYWOOD 
FARM. R. F. D. No. 1. Box 27, Mardela 
Springs, Md. 
FOR SALE—380 acres in Southern New York: 
good buildings: 50 acres timber: this is a 
splendid farm, well worth investigating; or will 
exchange for farm in the South. Address 
ADVERTISER 0933, care Rural New-Yorker. 
FOR SALE—Farm 73 acres; fertile, level 
ground. BOX 35 Risley, N. J. 
Miscellaneous 
CLOVER HONEY—Warranted pure; 12 pounds. 
$4.50; postage paid, third zone. LONG¬ 
FELLOW BROS., Hallowcll, Maine. 
Give the world 
the once over 
I ISTEN, fellows, to some 
j straight talk. Many 
a man when he gets 
to be 40, misses some¬ 
thing. He may have 
lots of money, and a fine 
family but— 
He never “got out and 
saw things”. After he 
gets settled down, it’s too 
late. 
Every man wants to see 
the world. No man likes 
to stand still all his life. 
The best time to TRAVEL 
is when you’re young and 
lively—right NOW ! 
Right NOW your Uncle Sam 
is calling,‘‘Shove off!” He wants 
men for his Navy. He’s inviting 
you! It’s the biggest chance 
you’ll ever get to give the world 
the once over! 
The Navy goes „J1 over the 
world—sails the Seven Seas— 
squints at the six continents— 
that’s its business. You stand 
to see more odd sights, wonder¬ 
ful scenery and strange people 
than you ever dreamed of. 
You’ll work hard while you 
work. You’ll play hard while you 
play. You’ll earn and learn. 
You’ll get, in addition to “shore- 
leave”, a 30-day straight vaca¬ 
tion—which is more than the 
average bank president can 
count on. 
You can join for two years. 
When you get through you’ll be 
physically and mentally “timed 
up” for the rest of your life. 
You’ll be ready through and 
through for SUCCESS. 
There’s a Recruiting Station 
right near you. If you don’t 
know where it is, your Post¬ 
master will be glad to tell you. 
Shove off! - Join the 
U. S. Navy 
lOR SALE—10 K. W. Peerless Generator and 
an E13 Philadelphia electric storage batterv: 
will lie sold reasonable. I. A. CASSEL, Ha'r- 
leysville. Pa. 
GT'ARANTEEI) pure Vermont maple svrup, $3 
per gal. E. E. TOUCHETTE, Montgomery 
Center, Vt. 
FOR SALE—New six-cylinder Avery tractor and 
two-bottom Vulcan plow: never used. AD¬ 
VERTISER 0892, care Rural New-Yorker. 
FOR SALE—Clarks one-horse disk with bandies; 
12 15-ineb disks; new; $15. LEWIS HOS¬ 
TETLER. Johnstown, Pa. 
FOR SALE—One or more tons of horseradish. 
Address MANAGER CHAUTAUQUA FARMS 
CO., South Dayton. N. Y. 
MOLINE tractor and plow and 2 sets of plates, 
slightly used: good as new: latest model - 
price $1,400. YOUNG FARM, Burnside, Orange 
Co., N. Y. 
PORTABLE sawmill, slightly used; 50-inch in¬ 
serted tooth blade; 15-foot carrier. ALFRED 
OLSON, Box 228, Frenehtown, N. J. 
FOR SALE—New Colt acetylene lighting and 
cooking equipment; never uncrated; sacrifice. 
W. B. WOODWARD, Wayland, Mass. 
H)R SALE—3.000-egg Candee incubator; perfect 
working order; giving up chick business: Pra¬ 
irie State lamp incubators considered in ex¬ 
change; $300 f. o. b. our farm. WOODWARD 
1 ARM. Wayland, Mass. 
OVER one million feet virgin timber: first-class 
^nujl; $8,500. JAY B. COLE, Willianistown, 
lOR SALE—One Chattanooga Twin Disk Plow - , 
"0 inch: almost new, $50; one Sharpless Cream 
Separator, $20. OTTO SCHW1EN, Townshend. 
Md. 
CHOCOLATES—Pure honey centers; healthful 
and delicious; 1-lb. box. 6oe: 2-lb.. $1.25, up 
to fourth zone; money with order. "ENDION ” 
Naples. N. Y. 
FOR SALE—Farmers’ Encyclopedia, Doubledav 
Page Co., edition, $17. 0. PETERSEN. L. B. 
195. Butler. N. J. 
FOR SALE—Twin-cylinder two-sp-'ed Indian 
motorcycle; perfect order: $150. ADVER¬ 
TISER 6919, care Rural New-Yorker. 
FOR SALE—Titan tractor, with 3 14-in. plows 
aud disk, complete; in good running order: 
cheap. JAMES II. SEAMAN. Glens Falls, N. Y. 
FOR SALE- J. I. Case Enicar two-bottom 14-in. 
power lift engine plow; used little: price one 
hundred dollars. BENJAMIN WILLIAMS. Rush- 
ford. N. Y. 
FOR SALE—Beeiuan garden tractor: perfect 
condition; cultivating frame, four shanks, four 
cultivating shovels; this makes a complete out¬ 
fit ready for use: price, freight paid. $1S5.00. 
11. TURRBNTINE, Waukon, Iowa. 
FOR SALE—Second-hand bee supplies, extract¬ 
ing and comb honey supers, frames, founda¬ 
tion. etc.; cheap. LOUIS SAUER, Gardiner, 
N. Y. 
FOR SALE—One light wood beam plow and one 
light iron beam; $5 each; also have single 
comb Black Minorca cockerels at $3 each; maple 
syrup, $3 per gallon. I.. D. PARSELL, South 
Dayton, N Y. 
FOR SALE—Elegant 88-note player piano: wal¬ 
nut finish: perfect condition: fine tone; prac¬ 
tically new: no reasonable offer refused, or will 
exchange for young matched team of draft 
horses and pay difference. C. WALKDEN, Berea, 
Ohio. 
WANTED—Grain reaper in good condition. GUS 
HUTER, Box 203. Ulster Park. N. Y. 
FOR SALE—Sharpies milker; 4 units, pump, fit- 
tings; complete; excellent condition: used but 
little: price right. BOX 5, Sidney Center. Del¬ 
aware Co.. N. Y. 
FOR SALE—Ford sou tractor: complete; exten¬ 
sion rims, mud guards, belt pulley and two- 
bottom 14-inch plows, power lift; only used 
about ten days: works perfectly: a bargain at 
$SOO. C. DUNHAM. I.awton. Mich. 
FOR. SALE—Covered top milk wagon; almost 
new. BOX 17S, Congers, N. Y. 
one POWER SPRAYER, a No. 1 condition; 
$75.00 will buy it. U. G. LOCKWOOD. New 
Gardeu. pa. 
A\ ERY S-16 tractor for sale: good working 
order; $400. EDWIN MOYER. Fort Plain, 
N. Y. 
FOR SALE—New Huber steam tractor. 12 b. p., 
$700: new sawmill engine and Cornish boiler, 
30 h. p., $$00: Burr stone grinder. $75; ear 
corn crusher. $20: hydraulic elder mill. 45-tuch 
racks, $300; gas engine. 6 h. p., shafting, 
hangers, pulleys. ROBERT MeKEOWN. Her¬ 
kimer, N. Y. 
SHEEP SHEARING attachment, with complete 
head and several extra plates and extra head, 
for Chicago Flexible Shaft dipping machine: 
used very little; sold my sheep. WILFORD 
WOOD, 146 Court Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
