1208 
foi*e pouring in pan, which removes all of the clay. 
BOILING.—Our pan holds 60 gallons. When we 
have it full a fire is started under pan, and just as 
juice begins to simmer we throw in half a cupful 
of soda. This causes the foam to rise to top at 
once, and it is easily skimmed off. We skim very 
closely, as this is one of the secrets of good sor¬ 
ghum. We keep boiling just as rapidly as possible 
without boiling over, as we think this makes the 
sorghum bright. We try in a saucer when we think 
it is as thick as wanted, and if not, we boil a while 
longer. If sorghum is too thick it has a strong taste 
and is dark, and if too thin it will sour if kept on 
hand till warm weather. A few “runs” will soon 
teach you how to judge it. 
STORING SYRUP—When done we strain again 
through a flour sack into kettles and stone jars, and 
when cold we pour into tin lard cans holding about 
seven gallons. We try to have at least five of these 
for home use, as there are 10 in family, and all are 
fond of sorghum. One woman seals her sorghum up 
while new in stone jugs, and she says it never tastes 
old, but ours doesn’t either, though we only use the 
tin cans. adda c. hall. 
Tennessee. 
Growing Ranges for Poultry 
G OOD pastures for growing pigs or growing 
calves are no more important than for growing 
chickens; in fact, it might be said without any 
exaggeration that good growing ranges are an abso¬ 
lute necessity for the best results with poultry. 
The author has been asked the question of “How 
many hens can I keep on an acre of ground?” or “I 
have five acres for poultry; how many hens can I 
keep?” These questions are always answered in this 
way: “You may keep your laying flocks in small 
yards, and if you have good houses you may even 
be able to do without any yards at all. and get 
probably just as good results. For your breeding 
flocks it is well to provide yards or ranges, if pos¬ 
sible, but even they may be confined with good re¬ 
sults; but your growing stock must have room, and 
plenty of it. 
Not only must they have room, but they must have 
a green sod or some kind of a green growing crop 
to range on. A large barren range is not much bet¬ 
ter than no run at all: they should have shade, but 
this is not so important as room, and especially green 
grass or crops. You may grow chicks on the same 
range year after year if the range is large enough 
or if the crop you have growing there holds up under 
constant ranging; but it is much better if possible 
to change the ranges from one place to another every 
year or two, as it will be found harder and harder 
to grow chicks on the same land each year, as even 
under ideal conditions the soil needs a change. It 
is the same for chicks as for growing various crops, 
such as corn or oats, etc. A rotation is always 
desirable. 
The answer, then, for a five-acre plot for growing 
poultry, at least to its capacity, depends very much 
on the ability of the soil to grow and maintain a 
good sod, and also as to its drainage. The acre will 
house 1,000 hens or adult pullets in good shape and 
provide good yards, so that if one will take, for 
example, one, or better, 1 % acres, on which to keep 
the adult stock, this leaves 31/2 acres for growing 
ranges. Dividing this 3%-acre range into two parts, 
so that they may be alternated each year or two, it 
gives one a range for each year of about three-quar¬ 
ters of an acre. This size range, with soil of an 
ordinary ability for growing and maintaining forage 
crops, and where ranges are alternated, should 
accommodate from 1.000 to 1.200 growing pullets; 
this means that out of the 1.500 adults each year 
between 60 and 70 per cent would be pullets each 
year, and between 30 and 40 per cent would be year¬ 
lings or oldei'. This proportion is considered an ideal 
balance of pullets and yearlings on the average 
poultry farm. 
All this means that five acres should take care of 
1,500 adult birds in good shape, or about 300 birds 
per acre, when one figures the growing of his own 
young stock. This figure of 300 birds per acre will, 
of course, vary as the size of the land allotted for 
poultry increases or decreases, and it will vary con¬ 
siderably. depending on the nature of the soil; but 
in planning ahead 300 birds per acre is a good round 
figure. 
In considering ranges for growing chicks I believe 
the idea would be much better if we should call them 
pastures, and although many poultry-keepers are 
already practicing the sowing of rye or oats for 
early pastures for their chicks, this is inadequate, 
and not much better than nothing. These crops are 
good in the Spring, but soon become rank and woody 
and of little value when the warm, dry weather 
9ht RURAL NEW-YORKER 
July 17 , 1020 
comes. Furthermore, this comes just at a time when 
this forage crop is really needed. In the Spring, 
when everything is throwing out soft, green, juicy 
shoots, these oats and rye ranges are not needed. 
Most always on the farm the chicks are ranging 
about the barnyard, which is fine, at least for the 
chicks; but if they could be induced to run in an 
adjacent pasture by putting their colony houses out 
there, it will be found helpful; or if there is a field 
of clover, Alfalfa or cow peas, or Soy beans or even 
corn nearby, it will be of tremendous help, and the 
chicks should always be induced to use these various 
fields when available. 
Nothing is more important in poultry-keeping than 
a well-grown pullet, and nothing will accomplish this 
any more than a good green pasture during the 
whole Summer. victor g. axjbry. 
Bordeaux Mixture and Late Potato Blight 
E VERY year there are many questions about 
Bordeaux mixture—how to make it and how 
to use it. The New Hampshire Experiment Station 
has issued a circular giving particulars about using 
Bordeaux for late blight. They found as other 
growers have, that thorough spraying every seven or 
14 days carried the crop safely through, increasing 
the yield and reducing the number of rotten tubers. 
They also conclude that the usual mixture of four 
pounds each of lime and copper sulphate to 50 gal¬ 
lons of water is not as effective as where eight 
pounds of copper sulphate are used. This conclusion 
is formed after carefully trying mixtures of varying 
strengths. They advise using the.spray first when 
the plants are 12 to 14 inches high, or at about the 
time when poisoning the potato beetles would natur¬ 
ally be done. Then regularly at 14-day intervals, 
the stronger Bordeaux should be used. The follow¬ 
ing notes on preparing the Bordeaux are taken from 
this bulletin. It is stated that spraying may be 
done at any time when the vines are dry. When 
Bordeaux mixture stands too long before using we 
are advised to add 2 oz. of sugar to 50 gallons of 
water as a preservative. 
In order that Bordeaux mixture may be applied 
rapidly and economically, it is necessary to provide 
stock solutions of the copper sulphate and lime; but it 
is not essential that the amounts prepared exceed the 
requirements of a single spraying. 
The stock solution of copper sulphate is made by dis¬ 
solving 1 lb. copper sulphate in sufficient water to give 
a solution containing 1 lb. of salt per gallon. In 
practice this is most conveniently accomplished by dis¬ 
solving 1 lb. of copper sulphate in 3.5 quarts of water, 
adding whatever water may be required after dissolu¬ 
tion is complete to make one gallon. Let us assume that 
50 gallons of stock solution are required. In a barrel 
of suitable size place 50 gallons of water and mark on 
the barrel or on a measuring stick the volume reached. 
Withdraw six gallons (one-eighth of the solution) ; 
place 50 lbs. copper sulphate in a sack and suspend near 
the surface of the water. When the copper sulphate has 
dissolved, as it will in a few hours, withdraw the sack 
and add water until the 50-gallon mark is reached. 
Caution: The stock solution of copper sulphate cannot 
be stored or handled in metal vessels; use wood or 
indurated fibre ware. . 
The milk of lime is made by slaking the required 
number of pounds of quicklime and then adding water 
in sufficient quantity to giye a milk containing 1 lb. 
of the original quicklime in every gallon. The lime 
used should bo in solid lumps j ^ very frinblo lumps 
should be looked upon with suspicion, and all gianulai 
and powdery material should be discarded. If the lime 
heats slowly on being wet with cold water, hot water 
should be used instead; in fact, when hot water is 
used, there is little or no danger of “drowning the nine, 
and it may, therefore, be freely covered without danger. 
In order to obtain the finest milk, the lime should pre¬ 
ferably not be stirred while slaking. This requires that 
the lime be slaked in amount sufficiently small for the 
size of the container used so that the water can freely 
penetrate the mass. As the lime slakes, care should be 
taken to prevent drying, and, as soon as the first addi¬ 
tion of water become absorbed, a further quantity should 
be added in amount sufficient to submerge slightly the 
taking mass As often as the water becomes absorbed, 
further additions are made, and this procedure is con¬ 
tinued until the lime has completely slaked 1 he 
slaked lime is then covered with water and allowed 
to cool before being made into stock solution. 
An S-4-50 Bordeaux mixture is best prepared in the 
following manner, assuming the spray tank holds 50 
gallons: Place in the tank eight gallons of the stock 
solution of copper sulphate and 34 gallons of water; 
take foi .• gallons of the stock solution of lime and dilute 
with four gallons of water, stir and pour into the copper 
sulphate solution. . .... 
In sprayers provided with agitators working inde¬ 
pendently of the pump, the mixture will be stirred 
sufficiently while in transit between filling station and 
field ; in other sprayers the mixture should be stirred 
as soon as the milk of lime has been added. 
The Tenant and the Strawberry Crop 
In 1919 I had a tenant on my farm. He planted 
corn, potatoes, watermelons, sowed peas for hay, and 
also planted a strawberry patch. He. of course, reaped 
all the crops but the strawberries, lie came back in 
May and got the strawberry crop. Now he wants to 
claim the strawberry crop for 1021. Gan In* claim it 
any longer? He is no longer a tenant on the farm. I 10 
having sa>d nothing to me nor I to him about tending 
any land for me in 1020. He was a very unsatisfactory 
tenant, not giving me my just part of the crops or 
working his crops as they should have been worked. It 
seems to me that one year’s crop is all he is entitled to. 
There are two cases in this neighborhood, just like ours, 
and they only got the first yeai’s crop. J. 11 . w. 
Maryland. 
T HE only case we know of covering this was trhjd 
in New Jersey several years ago. In that case 
a tenant rented a farm and planted strawberries on 
it. The farm was sold, and the new owner refused 
to renew the tenant’s lease. The following year the 
tenant came on the farm to pick the berry crop, 
claiming that it. belonged to him, the same as a crop 
of hay or grain. The owner would not. let the tenant 
on his place, but. picked the crop himself. Then the 
tenant brought suit, before a justice of the peace and 
won $100 damages. The case was appealed, but 
the judge sustained the verdict. This judge decided 
that the strawberry plants are in law what are 
called emblements. That, means one-season crops 
which are not permanently attached to the soil. He 
ranked them with rye, potatoes or garden crops. 
Under the usual rule the tenant can go on the farm 
after his lease expires and harvest such crops. He 
would not he permitted to keep coming year after 
year if the owner decided to let these crops continue. 
One crop would be all he was entitled to. In this 
New Jersey case the judge ruled that tree, grass, 
shrubs or bush fruits are considered real estate, since 
they are “permanently attached to the soil.” Thus 
the tenant, would have no right to them when he 
leaves the farm. At the time of this trial The 
R. N.-Y. pointed out that the judge erred in classing 
strawberries as “emblements,” or a one-season crop. 
Few growers can afford to plant a field of straw¬ 
berries and pick them only one season. Most grow¬ 
ers pick two seasons or more. We have picked good 
.beds for five seasons, and in most eases a small patch 
at least is to he regarded as a more, or less perma¬ 
nent investment. On a strictly legal ruling, if the 
owner could prove that he intended to pick the 
berries two or more seasons, we do not think the 
tenant would he justified in picking the fruit after 
leaving the farm. This is the only case we know of. 
There is nothing in the record to justify a tenant 
in coming back for more than one crop. 
The Soy Bean in Manchuria 
R ELATIVE to the editorial article, page 074, on 
the Soy bean in Manchuria, the facts are some¬ 
what different from those stated. 
It is said that at the time of the war between 
China and Japan. Manchuria was poverty-stricken 
in soil and in people, and that the Japanese intro¬ 
duced the culture of Soy beans, and the industry 
grew. Although the exact date of the introduction 
of the Soy bean into Manchuria is unknown, the 
probability is that it. came north from the Central 
Provinces of China many centuries ago. The bean 
trade was of ancient standing when the first west¬ 
erner visited “Manchoo Tartary.” At the time the 
first British consul took up his residence at New- 
clnvang, Manchuria, trade in beans, bean oil. and 
bean cake was an ancient and flourishing institution. 
Newchwang since 1X32 had been a growing port of 
shipment for the great coastal trade in beans, bean 
oil and bean cake, on which Manchuria’s prosperity 
has always depended. It is thus seen that long be¬ 
fore the Chinese and Japanese war the Soy bean 
occupied an important part in the agricultural in¬ 
dustry of Manchuria. During the Russian-Japanese 
war vast armies which occupied the whole of south¬ 
ern and central Manchuria depended for their 
cereals largely upon local supplies, and a great im¬ 
pulse was given to Manchurian agriculture at that 
time, but after the withdrawal of the troops the 
cessation of local demand called for the discovery ol 
a new market, and especially so for the money crops 
of wheat and beans. Japan offered the first market, 
but with the post-bellum wave of depression sweep¬ 
ing over Japan it became necessary to find other 
markets. 
Japanese merchants were the first to try to intro- 
luce the Soy bean into Europe. In 1008 shipments 
if Soy beans were made to England by Japanese 
irms. As the suitability of the new oil seed for 
nany purposes became known larger imports weie 
•ailed for. During 1909 over 400,000 tons of beaus 
vere exported to Europe from Manchuria. At Hi>t 
1 early all of the exportations went to England, but 
vithin a short time Germany took the lead in im¬ 
porting Soy beans, Soy bean oil and Soy beau cake. 
L’he article referred to states that on the Pacific 
Uoast, in parts of the Central West, and also in 
some sections of the South, the crop is working in. 
The Soy bean is grown only to a very limited extent 
an the Pacific Coast. However, large importations 
of Soy beans are coming into the Pacific Coast States, 
most of which seed is handled by oil mills in Seatt e, 
Portland and a few other coast cities. 
Assistant Agrostologist. 
