The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
July 31, 1920 
*276 
of the 'body, particularly the glands of the 
abdomen. One of the functions of such 
glands is to strain out foreign and harm¬ 
ful matters from the blood and lymph 
streams, and these germs may be stopped 
in the glands; and there, if conditions are 
right, they may remain to multiply and 
produce, their characteristic effects. In¬ 
stead of remaining in the glands of the 
abdomen, they may- be carried to the bony 
structures of the body, or even to the tips 
of the lungs, and find lodgement there. 
Not always will they grow and thrive in 
these chance lodging places, for the soil 
they encounter is frequently too antago¬ 
nistic to afford them a safe harbor, but 
if the soil is congenial, their opportunity 
is at hand. Sometimes, too, they find 
that while they cannot multiply and 
spread they can intrench themselves and 
remain alive until some time, later in life, 
decreased resistance upon the part of 
their host offers them opportunity to 
that he maintain a certain speed. 
We always insisted that the milker 
must work fast while he worked, stopping 
at once when the muscles become tired. 
Nothing is gained by sticking to the job 
when the hands or wrists get too tired 
to keep up the proper speed. In fact, 
therein lies danger of making a dawdling, 
inefficient milker. 
It is often said that milking is not bal’d 
work, but that one must know the 
“knack” of it. Tki<s is rather hard to 
impart, but I would say that it consisted 
in grasping the teat close enough to the 
end so that the milk in the teat is com¬ 
pletely expelled each time the hand is 
contracted, closing the hand each time in 
such a way as to force the milk down¬ 
ward, and not upward into the udder. 
This is accomplished by closing the fore¬ 
finger first, the others in succession. But 
do not give the voluntary attention to this 
detail after ability is developed to extract 
a stream of milk, as the motion should 
become automatic or involuntarly as soon 
as possible, the main attention being 
The Use of Milk from Tubercular Cows 
We know there are many tubercular 
cows whose milk is being used every day. 
In fact, for some time we have been using 
milk from eucli an animal. Will you tell 
us what effect, if any, a tubercular cow’s 
milk will have upon human beings? 
New Jersey. R. f. h. 
It is quite possible to tell you what ef¬ 
fect milk from tuberculous cows may have 
upon human being who drink it, but im¬ 
possible to tell you what effect it will 
have, since there is no certainty whatever 
of its having any other effect than that 
produced by milk from perfectly healthy 
cows. The possible effect of such, milk 
has long been the subject of study, and 
it is too much to say that the matter is 
yet settled to the full satisfaction of all 
observers. It is a fair statement, how¬ 
ever, that the consensus of opinion among 
those whose opinion is entitled to weight 
in the matter is that cow, or bovine, tu¬ 
berculosis is tranemittable to human be¬ 
ings through the medium of milk, and 
that it frequently.is so transmitted. It is 
obvious that this is not subject to direct 
proof, since no one would inoculate a 
child with germs from milk to ascertain 
whether or not it would acquire the dis¬ 
ease, and it is undoubtedly children, 
rather than adults, who are susceptible 
to this source of infection. 
To understand how tuberculosis may 
be transmitted by milk from tubercular 
cows, it is necessary to know something 
of the nature of the disease and its cause. 
Tuberculosis of the lungs, or consumption, 
as it was formerly called, is but one mani¬ 
festation of a disease which may. and fre¬ 
quently does,, affect some other portion of 
the body; tuberculosis of the bones and 
the soft tissues of the intestines being 
especially frequent in children. Wher¬ 
ever in the body, or -whenever in life it 
appears, however, there is but one direct 
cause of tuberculosis, the bacillus tuber¬ 
culosis, as the living germ causing that 
disease is called. This gertu is widespread, 
so widespread, ineed, that it may be said 
to be found wherever human beings con¬ 
gregate. No one escapes the possibility 
of infection, though comparatively few' 
succumb to it. The germ may be found 
in the air of the home and the street, 
carried about on the particles of dust 
which float on every breeze. It is found 
in water, in food, on fruit and in confec¬ 
tions. If the medicines w r hich w r ere for¬ 
merly given to combat it had been exam¬ 
ined, it is altogether probable that it 
wquld have been found in many of them. 
This being the case, it may w r oll he 
asked: “Why do not all die of tubercu- 
sis?” No one should be better able than 
the farmer to understand why all do not. 
The germ is but the seed of the disease, 
and it xequires more than seed to produce 
a crop. There must be soil, and not only 
soil, but soil fitted and prepared for the 
nurture and growth of young plants. 
Strange as it may seem, the germ of tu¬ 
berculosis is a plant, an organism belong¬ 
ing to the lowest order of vegetable life. 
Like other seeds in nature, an exceedingly 
small part of those produced ever find 
lodgement, in soil where they may grow 
and multiply and produce their character¬ 
istic effects. An overwhelmingly > large 
part of them are doomed to_ perish as 
wheat would perish if strewn in the dust 
of a hard road. 
The soil in w'hich tuberculosis germs 
iive and propagate is the animal body, but 
animal bodies have the power, in greater 
or less degree, of refusing to harbor or 
nourish these germs. This power we call 
natural immunity, and it is a power which 
all may build up and strengthen by right 
habits and methods of living. Some pos¬ 
sess it to a degree which renders them 
immune to almost any force the germs 
of tuberculosis can bring against them ; 
others, less fortunate, must cultivate their 
powers of resistance carefully, and chiefly 
through the agencies of good food, out¬ 
door living and abundant rest. 
Now as to the cow as a possible source 
of tuberculosis germs. It is unqestion- 
ably true that milk from countless thou¬ 
sands of tubercular cows is in daily use. 
But the tubercular cow may not produce 
milk containing tubercular germs. Much 
depends upon the location’ and extent of 
the disease, in the. cow’s body, and the care 
with which the milk is bandied after be¬ 
ing drawn from the. udder. If the udder 
of the cow is diseased, the milk will al¬ 
most certainly contain the germs. If the 
lungs only are affected, the germs will 
not enter the milk directly., but may easily 
do so indirectly. Not being addicted to 
the use of tobacco, the cow has never ac¬ 
quired the human art of spitting. The 
cow swallows her sputum, and if tubercu¬ 
lar matter is coughed up, it is swallowed 
with her food. Passing through the cow’s 
intestinal tract, it becomes part of the 
discharges which soil the animal's flanks, 
tail and possibly the udder. From any 
of these places it may easily fall into and 
contaminate the milk drawn b.v a careless 
or slovenly milker. Warm milk forms an 
ideal medium for the growth of germs of 
almost any sort, and in it the germs of 
tuberculosis rapidly multiply. If such 
contaminated milk is heated to a certain 
point, or pasteurized, such germs are de¬ 
stroyed, but if consumed raw they are 
taken living into the human body. 
These germs of course will not remain 
in the digestive tract of the one swallow¬ 
ing them, but some, of them may find their 
way with food which has been liquefied 
and prepared for absorption through the 
intestinal walls and to the various glands 
A Leisurely Job for a Quiet Day 
break forth and commence their deadly 
work. 
It is now generally accepted that the 
method of transmission of tuberculosis 
which I have described is pretty much, 
or entirely, confined to young children. 
The resistance powers of most adults are 
too strong to permit these germs to gain 
lodgement in this way, but young children 
are more susceptible, and milk from tuber¬ 
cular cows is probably frequently respon¬ 
sible for intestinal and bone tuberculosis 
in children, and, later .in life, for tuber¬ 
culosis of the lunrs, resulting from re¬ 
newed activity of germs that may have 
remained quiescent in certain glands of 
the body until opportunity was afforded 
them to break forth and manifest their 
deadly power. it. B. d. 
Teaching a Boy to Milk 
Within three years we have taught 
three boys of the Boys’ Working Reserve 
how to milk, with excellent success. 
These boys were 15 to 17 years of age, 
city-bred, and they had had no exercise 
or work to develop muscle in any way, 
and so w r ere not much above the average 
muscular development of many boys much 
younger. They were, however, very will¬ 
ing to learn, and within a few -weeks each 
made a really good milker. 
We chose a stool of a height that al¬ 
lowed the boy to sit comfortably erect 
while milking, with the feet close together 
and the pail held firmly between the knees. 
The boy should wear roomy, washable 
clothes, and should not be too warmly 
clad, as the exercise induces bodily 
warmth, if the milker works as he should, 
and too many clothes hamper efficiency. 
The arms should hang easily, with none 
of the unnecessary pumping motion seen 
in some milkers. The milker should have 
been taught first how to brush and clean 
the cow’s udder and flanks, and his own 
hands should be always clean and dry. 
Economy of motion leads to good efficient 
milking, and results in far greater ease for 
the milker. Tt is very important that 
right habits be taught from the start, that’ 
the milker concentrate on the work, and 
given to maintaining speed, and to keep¬ 
ing up a succession of good full streams. 
Always milk with both hands. I think 
it unimportant whether the milker chooses 
to milk the teats on opposite corners of 
the udder together, or the two in front, 
and then the two in rear, though I do not 
like the idea of milking the two nearest 
you, then the two farthest. Diagonal 
teats, or the front half of the udder and 
then the back half, gives a better balanced 
operation. 
(Continued on page 1278) 
| SWINE | 
SUPERIOR CROSS PIGS 
Berkshire crossed with Yorkshire or Chester 
crossed with Yorkshire. Avoid inbreeding 
and get a vigorous, thrifty, big-boned pig that 
will make a real hog in 5 or 6 months. 
7 Weeks Old . . $6.00 Each 
8 to 9 Weeks Old . 7.00 Each 
C.O.D. on Reference:Waltham 
Approval National Bank 
Suburban Live Stock Co. 
Waltham,_::_::_Mass. 
Big Type Chester Whites 
VICTOR FARMS, Bellvale, N. Y. 
Registered Chester Whites uonrAei.l 
Gilts from Blue Ribbon Winners. Apply to CHARLES 
H. DANENHOWER, Mur.. Penllyn, Pa. H. E. Drayton, Prop. 
Registered Chester White Spring Pigs 
Either sex. Matured sows bred to farrow in August and 
September. Write for prices, A. A. SCHOFELL, Heuvelton, H.Y. 
PUcoior UfhUoo orO. I. O. l'IGS. Big type prize witt- 
uneaier VfillToS nerfl. $1S S20 ench, prepaid. Satis' 
faction guaranteed. Address GEO. F. GRIFFIE, It 3. Nuwvillis, P*. 
egistored Chester White and O. I. C. I’lgs. Write 
line. - lilKIBNIC P. KoaBItS, W.AYVU.I.U, Nkw Yokh 
Reg, O. T. C . Pigs eoWARO SEAltLEsfNiwIinlil. rn 1 
V BERKSHIRES 
Stone’s Berkshires 
Mid - Summer Sale 
of High Class Stock 
iCftf. DISCOUNT AND EXPRESS 
1 O / v PAID ON JULY SHIPMENT 
40 Sows and <-ilts bred to sons of Epochal— 
Superior— Emblem and Matchless Baron Duke 
—all noted b> ars of the breed. The kind that 
produce sizp good beads, short nose, heavy 
hams, broad backs and quick development. 
They (urn food into pork at a profit for pro¬ 
gressive breeders We have the largest and 
best herd of ISpoebnls in the State. We offer 
40 sows safe in pig to farrow in July, August 
and September, and a young boar not related 
to the sow, or the litter she carries, for #150. 
Bred sow without the boar for #125. Re¬ 
corded. transferred, express paid within 1.000 
miles. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. 
1 DISCOUNT FROM ABOVE 
ID PRICES for JULY SHIPMENT 
100 Spring and Summer Pigs 
Sired by our four noted boar*, and out of large 
prolific sows, at attractive prices. 
iiilv Offer - 2 sows, 1 boar not related, $65. Re- 
" " corded, express paid. Safe arrival 
and satisfaction guaranteed. Prompt shipmout. 
RICHARD H. STONE "S'ST 0 
LARGE BERKSHIRES 
AT HIGH WOOD: 
Gilts and tried sows bred for fall litters, weigh¬ 
ing 350 to 500 pounds. Unrelated boars. Weanetl 
pigs from mature stock and large litters, both 
sexes, unrelated. Prompt shipment. Folder, 
i giving de T is, on request. 
H. C. & H. u. HARPENDING, Box, 15, DUNDEE, N.Y 
Aned jo Berkshires 
A very select lot of Boar Pigs 
sired by Major Champion 4th , 
Price attractive. Also service 
boars and bred gilts by the pound 
Anedjo Farm Webster, Mass. 
^Choice Berkshires 
Wc have some extra nice young 
boars, sows and gilts of Masterpiece 
and Double Champion 33rd breed¬ 
ing at prices that are right. 
Webb Farms, Box R, Clinton Corners, N.Y. 
PATM00R BERKSHIRES 
Choice sow pigs. Spring litters, well grown, sired 
by Patmoor Rival; some from daughters of the great 
Superior, 179320. A few boar pig* from these dams. 
All animals registered and guaranteed. 
Patmoor Farms - liartfield. N. Y. 
A Choice Berkshire Trio 
March, 1919, farrow. AYholly or in part. Longfellow’^ 
Double, Mastorpiece and High wood breeding. Unusual 
circumstance promnts sale at price to insure quick dis¬ 
posal A positive bargain. Price and photos on request. 
CHAS. E. RUSSELL, R. F. 0. 2. LINCOLN PARK. N Y 
CAT ROCK FARM Berkshires 
aro prolific breeders with size and conformation. Special 
prices on Bred sows and gilts t > fa< row in July and Aug 
Also on boar and sow pigs. CAT BOCK FARM. Westwood. Mass. 
Tarbell Farms BERKSHIRES 
Spring pigs at reasonable prices. Write for particulara. 
TAKBFLL FARMS, Smitliville Flats, N. V. 
Registered Berkshire Spring Pigs 
Boars fit for service. Prices reasonable. 
ANDERSON & SCOFIELD, Fisbklll, N.Y. 
CPRINGBANK BERKSHIRES. Choice Sows and 
w Gilts bred for spring litters. Boars ready for service 
Ills Type Berkshires. Address J. E. WATSON. MarblodaU, Conn. 
BERKSHIRES- For breeders. $10 ea., either sex 
$15 if registered. CL0VER0ALE FARM. Charlotte. N.Y 
L urge Type Ifeg. Berkshire* on approval. Nooaah 
in advance. DAVID \V I ANT, Huntington Mills, Pe. 
SWINE 
DUROC-JERSEYPIGS 
Pure pedigree stock. Pedigree furnished. Special 
price of #25 per pair; #15 each, single, until pres¬ 
ent surplus is disposed of. Satisfactory breeding 
and individuals, or they may be returned. 
C. A. Ferguson - Dresden, Tenn. 
DUROC-JERSEY BOARS Sis 
Visitors welcome except Sundav. Farm ten miles north 
of Trenton on the stone road to l'Temiiigton. 
Gleu Moore, New Jersey 
JOHN H. ond KENNETH HANKINS0N 
Kinderhook Duroc PIGS . .... 
bcr. 
Special. Get his mini 
KINDERHOOK DUH0C JEHSET ASSOCIATION, Kinderhook. N. V 
For Sale—FiSS 
CHESTER WHITES and BERKSHIRES 
six weeks old, #5 each. 
Rouse Bros. - Dushore, Pa. 
Mir PoLinri riiinac are the KEYNOTE of Success' 
IVlyrOIdlia-LIIinaS The Triumph ol Breeding with 
Master Blood-Linen of tho Variety. Dr. KNOX, Danbury, Conn- 
BARGAIN IN HOGSWr 1 
large enough for service, $40. Sowh, year old, $t>&. "Y ouug 
bourn, $20. Immunised. Satiafaetion guaranteed or money 
returned. UAUUY VAIL, Jr, t Milford, Orftoo 0o, f N. *. 
