Vht RURAL NEW-YORKER 
1396 
able to ship it, and trust to the fellow away back 
from the station to raise the calves. If I produced 
a calf at all it would not be to sell, but to take the 
place of one of my poorer cows. j. grant morse. 
Selling Whole Milk or Cream 
Which do you believe more profitable in the long run, 
all things considered, to sell your cream to a co-opera¬ 
tive creamery, or to sell the whole milk at the door? 
When butterfat was bringing TO cents milk was S14 
cents at door. At that rate lO 1 /^ quarts has to go for 
10. If we compare skim-milk and cottonseed meal as 
to protein content, milk is worth but one-half cent or 
less per quart. But I know from experience that there 
"is nothing that quite takes the place of skim-milk for 
pigs or calves, and you don’t have to spend the time to 
draw it out from town over a bad road. In figuring, 
the value cf the milk in the manure pile should be con¬ 
sidered also, shouldn’t it? The matter is a puzzle to 
me, and has been for the last year or two. As near as 
I can figure the advantage lies in selling the whole 
milk, but at the same time disposing of cream only 
seems the natural and right way. I find people’s 
opinions differ, and I have made inquiry of dairy in¬ 
structors and experiment station men. Some of the 
experts advise me to sell cream, in spite of their own 
figures to the contrary. p. w. A. 
Massachusetts. 
OMPARING PRICES.—First, consider a com¬ 
parison of the two prices—70 cents a pound for 
butterfat, and S 1 ^ cents per quart for milk. Milk 
weighs about 2.15 pounds per quart, which is equal 
to about 46.5 quarts per 100 pounds of milk. Then 
at 8% cents per quart 100 pounds of milk is worth 
§3.84. Practically, however, where milk is sold by 
measure you do not get 46.5 quarts per 100 pounds, 
and that would reduce the above figure probably 
about 10 cents on the average. Selling cream on a 
butterfat basis brings up another important factor, 
that of the average fat content of the milk, which 
varies with the breed, season of the year, etc. For 
comparison Ave will compute the relative value of 
3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 per cent milk with butterfat 
at 70 cents per pound. If the separator is operated 
properly there Avill be a negligible amount of fat 
lost in the cream, so we will assume 3 per cent milk 
yields three pounds of butterfat per 100 pounds of 
milk, etc. 
3.0% = 3 0 lbs. fat—per 100 lbs. milk at 70c = $2.10 
3.5% — 3.5 lbs. fat—per 100 lbs. milk at 70c = 2.45 
4 0% — 4.0 lbs. fat—per 100 lbs. milk at 70c = 2.S0 
4.5% = 4.5 lbs. fat—per 100 lbs. milk at 70c = 3.15 
5.0% = 5.0 lbs. fat—per 100 lbs. milk at 70c = 3.50 
Comparing these figures with $3.84 per 100 pounds 
by the quart Ave find the skim-milk from 100 pounds 
of Avhole milk worth as follows: 
For 3.0% $3.84—-$2.10 = $1.74 for the skim 
For 3.5% 3.84— 2.45 = 1.39 for the skim 
For 4.0% 3.84— 2.80 = 1.04 for the skim 
For 4.5% 3.84— 3.15 = .69 for the skim 
For 5.0% 3.84— 3.50 = .34 for the skim 
Now the problem is: “What is the value of skim- 
milk for feeding purposes?’’ Most people agree that 
t\A'o to three quarts of skim-milk Avill produce as 
good or better results than one pound of grain. On 
that basis skim-milk Avould be Avorth from SO cents 
to $1 per 100 pounds at the present prices of grain. 
While skim-milk is doubtlessly Avorth that much, few 
farmers actually recognize the fact and sell cream; 
on the other hand, most of them think the difference 
is too great, and sell the whole milk by the quart, 
and do not have to bother with feeding pigs and 
calves. 
SELLING CREAM.—The farmer Avho has a high- 
testing herd usually makes more by selling cream 
where the milk is paid for at a flat rate, and the 
farmer with a low-testing herd profits by selling by 
the quart. Gradually, hoAvever, milk plants and 
creameriefe are paying on a butterfat basis for both 
cream and milk, and it is the only fair way to the 
dairyman, because a farmer cannot afford to sell 6.0 
per cent milk for the same price his neighbor sells 
3.3 per cent. Where this is done the difference in 
test is partly or entirely paid for. 
POINTS FOR CONSIDERATION.— Every farmer 
should consider the different methods of selling milk 
carefully before accepting a high price for milk 
(Avhole). He should also consider the value of skim- 
milk for feeding purposes. From experience most 
farmers know that skim-milk is ideal for feeding, 
but in the past few years the tendency has been to 
sell Avhole milk and do away Avith the bother of 
feeding calves and pigs. The way prices have been 
the last few years selling Avhole milk has no doubt 
been more profitable, and in the long run this dif¬ 
ference will probably continue if calves are success-, 
fully raised on less milk and more substitutes. Then, 
too, in many places it is possible to buy some skim- 
milk very reasonably for feeding purposes. Of 
course such milk should be pasteurized to help pre¬ 
vent disease getting into the herd. f. e. w. 
The Hen and the Garden 
What can I do in the following case? I have a good 
garden, in which I have taken great pride. My neigh¬ 
bor has a flock of hens which lie will not keep in a yard. 
They come over and scratch up my garden, doing great 
damage Avhilc the plants are small, and destroying many 
such crops as ripe tomatoes or lettuce. My neighbor 
will not keep the hens at home, though repeatedly asked 
to do so. He says: “Let them run, and at the end of the 
season send me a bill for the damage.” Now what are 
my rights? s. h. b. 
IIIS is the old story Avhich Ave have told prob¬ 
ably 100 times with variation. The basis of it 
all is that the hen has no business away from home. 
When the hen leaves her grounds she becomes a 
Tying Cauliflower. Fig. J/31. Sec Page l-'iOO 
trespasser, and has no rights Avhich the man Avho 
has a garden has the right to respect. You may 
entice these hens into a building or coop and keep 
them there. You will have to feed them, and you 
will be entitled to such eggs as they lay. The oAvner 
will be guilty of trespass if he comes on your prop¬ 
erty and takes these hens Avithout settling for the 
damage Avhich they are responsible for, or you may 
shoot the hens and take the consequences. These 
consequences may be both personal and legal. If 
the owner is a big man, Avith something of gunpow¬ 
der in his temper, such a proceeding Avould probably 
lead to a fight, and you Avould have to judge before¬ 
hand how you would come out in any such encoun¬ 
ter. He can take you to law and sue you, but it is 
not likely that he can collect damages, except for 
the market value of the hens. You in return can 
sue him for the damage to your garden. If this man 
states that he is Avilling to pay the bill for the dam¬ 
ages. he is better than most neighbors; in fact, 
we have never heard of a hen-keeper Avho Avas Avill¬ 
ing to pay such damage. With such a man Ave 
The 11 and Sprayer in the Garden. Fig. 
would drive the hens out as best we could and make 
up a fair <lue of the damage they have done and 
send it to the owner for collection. This man, Iioav- 
e\ r er, is one in a thousand, and if the other 999 are 
like most of the hen-keepers we know, Ave should 
September 4, 1920 
be inclined to follow the gun method of getting rid 
of the lien. There is nothing in the world so annoy¬ 
ing as to have a hen undertake to scratch up gold 
in a well-kept garden of vegetables and flowers. 
Why not Hogs in the Orchard 
After reading in “Hope Farm Notes,” on page 1290 
of our friend’s little farming in the woods (Westward 
Ho!) I have been thinking, and decided to ask if any¬ 
body agrees with me or see what our Hope Farm friend 
thinks of the idea. Wouldn’t there bo another source 
of profit for the Hope Farm man to fence “Westward 
Ho” and put in a few purebred, sows? As he did not give 
the area, I would not suggest how many, nor do I mean 
to put in enough to consume all of the hay; but enough 
to consume, thrive and produce. e. a. s. 
Delaware. 
HE. advantages of such a plan tire evident. The 
objections in this case are several. There are some 
five acres in the field. It is too far from the build¬ 
ings and quite inaccessible. Our country is overrun 
with thieves. They come in cars or trucks, load up 
their booty and hurry away. The chances are that 
in this lonely place, the pigs Avould be stolen alive 
or slaughtered and carried away for sale. Such 
things happen near the big cities quite frequently. 
Another objection is the lack of Avater, though a part 
of the swamp might be enclosed. Our experience 
with hogs in the other orchards is that they need 
some grain in addition to grass and windfall apples. 
They might be kept Avith a self-feeder. The trees 
in that field, as is the case in most sod orchards, are 
low-headed, and active pigs Avould get nearly half 
the fruit. We have seen them stand on their hind 
legs and reach apples four feet and more from the 
ground. Those who grow the Wealthy apple know 
how, Avhen this tree is loaded with fruit, it bends 
to the ground like an umbrella. A bunch of hungry 
hogs Avould soon ruin such trees. The theory of 
keeping hogs in an apple orchard is good, but it 
will not work right unless the trees are high-headed 
and Avell protected. 
The Census and the Cities 
ETUltNS from the recent census thus far print¬ 
ed show the population of the 20 largest cities 
in this country as folloAVs: 
P. C. 
1920 Gain 
New York .5,621.151 17.0 
Chicago . 2,701,212 23.6 
Philadelphia . 1,823.158 17.7 
Detroit . 998.739 113 4 
Cleveland . 796.836 42.1 
St. Louis . 773.000 12.5 
Boston . 747.923 11.,8 
Baltimore . 733.826 31.4 
Pittsburg . 588,193 10.2 
Los Angeles . 575.480 80.3 
San Francisco. 508.410 219 
Buffalo . 505,875 19.4 
Milwaukee . 457.147 22.3 
Washington . 437,408 32.1 
Newark . 415.609 19.6 
Cincinnati . 401.158 10.3 
New Orleans . 387.408 181 
Minneapolis. 380.498 26.2 
Seattle . 315.652 33.1 
Indianapolis . 314,194 34.5 
The “per cent gain” shoAvs the proportion of in¬ 
crease during the past 10 years. Who would have 
dreamed 50 years ago that three of the largest cities 
would be located on the Pacific Coast? Or what 
Avild imagination could have conjured up the thought 
that Detroit would be ranked fourth among our great 
towns? Imagine the feelings of a Bostonian if lie 
had been told in 1890 that Detroit would rank ahead 
of the “Hub”! There are nearly 20,000,000 people 
grouped in the small area covered by these big towns. 
In 1850 there were but 23,191.876 people in the en¬ 
tire country. There are now more people in New 
York City alone than there ivere in the entire coun¬ 
try in 1800! At first thought most people regard this 
abnormal growth of urban population as an object 
for national pride. II. G. Wells, in one of his books, 
looking into the future, pictures a world in which 
the vast majority are grouped in great cities—a sort 
of subdued Roman rabble, living largely on chemical 
food. The country, outside of the towns, Avas to be 
given largely to pasture where men of inferior qual¬ 
ity tended flocks and herds! Personally, Ave consider 
this abnormal growth of the city as a serious na¬ 
tional disease which, in past history, has pulled 
down the great, powerful kingdoms of the earth by 
creating a false and weakened standard of humanity. 
No nation built on the brick and stone of the great 
city can endure. Like the giant in the old fable, 
power is lost when the feet of a nation are taken 
away from the soil. This nation Avould be tai 
stronger and happier with a fairer distribution ot 
human rights, if these 20 great cities could be broken 
up into 200 large towns located back in the countr\ 
at water poAvers or trading centers. And we ha\e 
great faith to beliei’e that something of that dis¬ 
tribution is coming in the future, as new sources of 
power are developed, and as men and women gain 
saner ideas of what life is really fox’. 
